Kodi maphunziro otengera polojekiti? Pali chifukwa chake ambiri aife timaganiza za makalasi monga zaluso, nyimbo, masewero monga osangalatsa kwambiri m'zaka zathu zakusukulu.
Ndi chifukwa chomwechi kuti zipinda zopangira matabwa, ma lab a sayansi ndi makhitchini ophikira asukulu yanga nthawi zonse anali malo osangalatsa, opindulitsa komanso osaiwalika ...
Ana amangokonda kuchita zinthu.
Ngati mudatsuka "zojambula" zapakhoma kapena mapiri a Lego kuchokera kwa mwana wanu kunyumba, mwina mukudziwa kale izi.
Ntchito ndi a zofunikira mbali ya kakulidwe ka mwana koma kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyazidwa kwambiri kusukulu. Aphunzitsi ndi maphunziro nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri pakungotenga chidziwitso, mwina kudzera mukumvetsera kapena kuwerenga.
Koma kuchita is kuphunzira. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kuchita zinthu mwachangu m'kalasi kumakweza magiredi onse ndi a zazikulu 10 peresenti, kutsimikizira kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zopezera ophunzira kuphunzira.
Chotsatira ndi ichi - apatseni ntchito ndikuwona akukula.
Umu ndi momwe maphunziro otengera polojekiti amagwirira ntchito ...
mwachidule
| Kodi maphunziro otengera polojekiti adapezeka liti? | 1960 |
| Amene akuchita upainiya pnjira zophunzirira motengera luso? | Barrows ndi Tamblyn |
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Malangizo Opangira Chibwenzi Bwino
Mukuyang'ana njira yolumikizirana yoyendetsera polojekiti yanu bwino?
Pezani ma tempulo aulere ndi mafunso oti muzisewera pamisonkhano yanu yotsatira. Lowani kwaulere ndikutenga zomwe mukufuna AhaSlides!
🚀 Tengani Akaunti Yaulere
Kodi Maphunziro Otengera Ntchito ndi Chiyani?
Kuphunzira motengera polojekiti (PBL) ndi pamene wophunzira, magulu angapo a ophunzira kapena kalasi lonse amachita a yesa, kulenga, zotheka, anathandiza, nthawi yaitali polojekiti.
Mawu otanthauzira amenewo ndi olimba mtima chifukwa, kunena zoona, kupanga nyama zotsuka mapaipi pomwe kwatsala mphindi 10 m'kalasi ya nsalu sizimawerengedwa ngati PBL.
Kuti polojekiti iyenerere PBL, ikuyenera kukhala Zinthu za 5:
- Yesa: Ntchitoyi ikufunika kuganiza mozama kuti ithetse vuto.
- Creative: Ntchitoyi iyenera kukhala ndi funso lotseguka popanda No chimodzi yankho lolondola. Ophunzira ayenera kukhala omasuka (komanso kulimbikitsidwa) kuti afotokoze zaluso komanso payekhapayekha pantchito yawo.
- Zimatheka: Pulojekitiyi iyenera kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ophunzira ayenera kudziwa kuchokera m'kalasi mwanu.
- Zothandizidwa: Ntchitoyi ikufunika lanu ndemanga panjira. Payenera kukhala zochitika zazikuluzikulu za polojekitiyi ndipo muyenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti muwone momwe polojekitiyo ilili komanso kupereka malangizo.
- Zakale: Pulojekitiyi iyenera kukhala ndi zovuta zokwanira zomwe zimatha nthawi yabwino: kulikonse pakati pa maphunziro angapo mpaka semester yonse.
Pali chifukwa chake maphunziro ozikidwa ndi polojekiti amatchedwanso 'Discovery learning' ndi 'maphunziro odziwa zambiri'. Zonse ndi za wophunzira ndi momwe angaphunzire kupyolera mu zomwe adazipeza komanso zomwe adakumana nazo.
Palibe zodabwitsa amachikonda.
Kukambirana bwino ndi AhaSlides
Chifukwa Chiyani Maphunziro Otengera Pulojekiti?
Kudzipereka ku chatsopano chilichonse njira yophunzitsira yatsopano zimatenga nthawi, koma chinthu choyamba ndi kufunsa n'chifukwa chiyani? Ndikuwona cholinga chomaliza cha kusintha; zomwe ophunzira anu, magiredi awo ndi inu akhoza kutulukamo.
Nawa maubwino ena ophunzirira motengera polojekiti ...
#1 - Imagwira ntchito kwambiri
Ngati mukuganiza za izi, mutha kuzindikira kuti mwakhala mukuphunzira motengera polojekiti moyo wanu wonse.
Kuphunzira kuyenda ndi ntchito, monga kupanga mabwenzi kusukulu ya pulayimale, kuphika chakudya chanu choyamba ndikupeza zomwe gehena kuchuluka kumangitsa ndi.
Pakali pano, ngati mutha kuyenda, kukhala ndi abwenzi, kuphika mosamveka ndi kudziwa mfundo zapamwamba zazachuma, mutha kuthokoza PBL yanuyo pokufikitsani kumeneko.
Ndipo inu mukudziwa izo zimagwira ntchito.
Monga 99% ya LinkedIn 'influencers' angakuuzeni, ziphunzitso zabwino kwambiri sizili m'mabuku, ali mukuyesera, kulephera, kuyesanso ndikupambana.
Ndiye mtundu wa PBL. Ophunzira athana ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe limabwera ndi polojekitiyi pang'onopang'ono, ndi maere zolephera pang'ono pa gawo lililonse. Kulephera kulikonse kumawathandiza kudziwa zomwe adalakwitsa komanso zomwe ayenera kuchita kuti akonze.
Ndi njira yachilengedwe yophunzirira kubwerezedwanso kusukulu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti pali umboni wambiri wosonyeza kuti PBL ndiyothandiza kwambiri kuposa njira zophunzitsira zachikhalidwe kuwerenga deta, sayansi, masamu ndi chilankhulo cha Chingerezi, onse okhala ndi ophunzira kuyambira giredi 2 mpaka 8.
Kuphunzira motengera polojekiti nthawi iliyonse ndikosavuta zothandiza.
#2 - Ndizosangalatsa
Chifukwa chachikulu cha zotsatira zabwino zonsezi ndi chakuti ana sangalalani ndi kuphunzira kudzera mu PBL.
Mwina ndi mawu achidule, koma taganizirani izi: ngati wophunzira, mukadakhala ndi chisankho pakati pa kuyang'ana pa bukhu la zithunzi kapena kupanga koyilo yanu ya tesla, mukuganiza kuti mungalowe nawo kwambiri chiyani?
Maphunziro olumikizidwa pamwambapa akuwonetsanso momwe ophunzira kwenikweni kulowa mu PBL. Akakumana ndi ntchito yomwe imafunikira luso lopanga zinthu, imakhala yovuta ndipo nthawi yomweyo imawonekera m'dziko lenileni, chidwi chawo pa icho chimakwera kwambiri.
Ndikosatheka kukakamiza ophunzira kukhala ndi chidwi choloweza mfundo zobwerezabwereza pamayeso.
Apatseni chinachake zosangalatsa ndipo chisonkhezerocho chidzadzisamalira chokha.
#3 - Ndi umboni wamtsogolo
A phunziro 2013 adapeza kuti theka la atsogoleri abizinesi sangathe kupeza olemba ntchito abwino chifukwa, makamaka, sadziwa kuganiza.
Ofunsirawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi luso laukadaulo, koma alibe "luso loyambira pantchito monga kusinthika, luso lolankhulana komanso kuthekera kothana ndi mavuto ovuta."
Sizophweka kutero phunzitsani luso lofewa monga izi mwachikhalidwe, koma PBL imalola ophunzira kuti azikulitsa moyandikana ndi zomwe akupanga malinga ndi chidziwitso.
Pafupifupi monga zotsatira za polojekitiyi, ophunzira aphunzira momwe angagwirire ntchito limodzi, momwe angadutse zopinga zapamsewu, momwe angatsogolere, momwe angamvetsere komanso momwe angagwirire ntchito ndi tanthauzo ndi chilimbikitso.
Kwa tsogolo la ophunzira anu, phindu la maphunziro otengera ntchito kusukulu lidzawonekera kwa iwo monga antchito komanso anthu.
#4 - Ndizophatikiza
Linda Darling-Hammond, mtsogoleri wa gulu losintha maphunziro a Purezidenti Joe Biden, adanenapo izi ...
"Tinkakonda kuletsa maphunziro otengera ntchito kwa ophunzira ochepa kwambiri omwe anali aluso komanso aluso, ndipo tinkawapatsa zomwe timatcha 'ntchito yoganiza'. Izi zakulitsa kusiyana kwa mwayi m'dziko lino. ”
Linda Darling-Hammond pa PBL.
Ananenanso kuti zomwe timafunikira ndi "maphunziro otengera ntchito ngati awa onse ophunzira".
Pali masukulu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi komwe ophunzira amavutika chifukwa chotsika kwambiri pazachuma (low-SES). Ophunzira omwe ali olemera kwambiri amapatsidwa mwayi wonse ndipo amapititsidwa patsogolo ndi iwo, pamene ophunzira otsika a SES amasungidwa bwino komanso mkati mwa nkhungu.
Masiku ano, PBL ikukhala yothandiza kwambiri kwa ophunzira a SES otsika. Zimayika aliyense pabwalo lomwelo lamasewera komanso kumasula unyolo iwo; zimawapatsa ufulu waluso komanso amalola ophunzira apamwamba komanso osapita patsogolo kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi pantchito yolimbikitsa.
A Kafukufuku wolembedwa ndi Edutopia adapeza kuti panali kukula kwakukulu m'masukulu otsika aSES pomwe adasinthira ku PBL. Ophunzira a mtundu wa PBL adalemba zigoli zambiri komanso chilimbikitso kuposa masukulu ena pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chachikhalidwe.
Chilimbikitso chapamwamba ichi ndi chofunikira chifukwa ichi ndi a chachikulu phunziro kwa ophunzira otsika SES kuti sukulu ikhoza kukhala yosangalatsa ndi ofanana. Ngati izi zitaphunziridwa msanga, zotsatira za izi pa maphunziro awo amtsogolo zimakhala zodabwitsa.
Survey Mogwira ndi AhaSlides
Zitsanzo ndi Malingaliro a Pulojekiti Yophunzirira
The phunziro lotchulidwa pamwambapa ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha maphunziro otengera polojekiti.
Imodzi mwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu inachitika ku Grayson Elementary School ku Michigan. Kumeneko, mphunzitsiyo anayambitsa lingaliro lopita ku bwalo lamasewera (lotengedwa mokondwera ndi kalasi yake ya giredi 2) kuti alembe mavuto onse amene angapeze.
Anabwerera kusukulu ndipo analemba ndandanda ya mavuto onse amene ophunzirawo anapeza. Atakambirana pang’ono, mphunzitsiyo anapempha kuti alembe maganizo awo ku khonsolo ya m’deralo kuti ayese kuikonza.
Tawonani, aphungu a Randy Carter adafika pasukulupo ndipo ophunzira adapereka malingaliro awo kwa iye ngati kalasi.
Mutha kuwona ntchitoyi nokha mu kanema pansipa.
Chifukwa chake PBL idachita chidwi kwambiri m'kalasi la maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ophunzirawo anali olimbikitsidwa ndipo zotsatira zomwe adapeza zinali zochititsa chidwi m’sukulu ya sitandade 2, yaumphaŵi wadzaoneni.
Koma PBL imawoneka bwanji m'maphunziro ena? Onani malingaliro awa ozikidwa pa projekiti ya kalasi yanu ...
- Pangani dziko lanu - Gwirizanani m'magulu ndikupeza dziko latsopano, lokhala ndi malo Padziko Lapansi, nyengo, mbendera, chikhalidwe ndi malamulo. Momwe gawo lirilonse liri mwatsatanetsatane kwa ophunzira.
- Konzani ulendo woyendera - Sankhani malo aliwonse padziko lapansi ndikupanga ulendo wopita kumalo onse abwino kwambiri kwamasiku angapo. Wophunzira aliyense (kapena gulu) ali ndi bajeti yomwe ayenera kumamatira ndipo ayenera kubwera ndi ulendo wokwera mtengo womwe umaphatikizapo maulendo, mahotela ndi chakudya. Ngati malo omwe amasankhira mayendedwe ndi amderali, ndiye kuti akhoza ngakhale kutsogolera ulendo m'moyo weniweni.
- Lemberani kuti tawuni yanu ichitire masewera a Olimpiki - Pangani lingaliro la gulu la tawuni kapena mzinda womwe mukukhalamo kuti muchitire masewera a Olimpiki! Ganizirani za komwe anthu aziwonera masewerawo, komwe adzakhale, zomwe adzadye, komwe othamanga adzaphunzitse, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito iliyonse m'kalasi ili ndi bajeti yofanana.
- Konzani chochitika chojambula zithunzi - Konzani pulogalamu yaukadaulo yamadzulo, kuphatikiza zaluso zomwe zikuyenera kuwonetsedwa ndi zochitika zilizonse zomwe zichitike. Payenera kukhala chikwangwani chaching'ono chofotokozera zojambulajambula zilizonse ndi kapangidwe kake koyenera pamakonzedwe ake pagulu lonselo.
- Mangani nyumba yosungiramo anthu odwala matenda ovutika maganizo - Midzi ya Dementia zikukwera. Ophunzira amaphunzira zomwe zimapangitsa mudzi wabwino wa dementia ndikudzipangira okha, kukhala ndi zida zonse zofunika kuti anthu azikhala osangalala pa bajeti inayake.
- Pangani mini-documentary - Tengani vuto lomwe likufunika kuthetsedwa ndikupanga zolemba zowunikira, kuphatikiza zolemba, kuwombera mutu ndi china chilichonse chomwe ophunzira angafune kuphatikiza. Cholinga chachikulu ndikufotokozera vutoli m'mawu osiyanasiyana ndikupereka njira zingapo zothetsera vutoli.
- Konzani tawuni yakale - Fufuzani za moyo wa anthu am'midzi yakale ndikuwakonzera tawuni yakale. Konzani tawuniyo potengera mikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo.
- Tsitsani ma dinosaurs - Pangani dziko lamitundu yonse ya ma dinosaur kuti azikhala limodzi. Payenera kukhala kumenyana pang'ono kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana momwe kungathekere, kotero kuti dziko lapansi liyenera kukonzedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti pali mwayi waukulu wopulumuka.
Miyezo 3 Yophunzirira Kwakukulu Kwambiri Kutengera Ntchito
Kotero muli ndi lingaliro lalikulu la polojekiti. Imayika mabokosi onse ndipo mukudziwa kuti ophunzira anu azikonda.
Ndi nthawi yoti mufotokoze momwe PBL yanu idzawonekere Onse, milungu ingapo iliyonse ndi phunziro lililonse.
Chithunzi Chachikulu
Ichi ndiye chiyambi - cholinga chachikulu cha polojekiti yanu.
Zachidziwikire, si aphunzitsi ambiri omwe ali ndi ufulu wosankha ntchito mwachisawawa ndikuyembekeza kuti ophunzira awo aphunzira zinazake pamapeto pake.
Malinga ndi cirruclum wamba, pomaliza, ophunzira ayenera nthawizonse onetsani kumvetsetsa mutu womwe mwawaphunzitsa.
Pamene mukukonzekera ntchito yopereka kwa ophunzira anu, kumbukirani. Onetsetsani kuti mafunso omwe abuka ndi zochitika zazikulu zomwe zafikiridwa panjira zili mwanjira ina zokhudzana ndi cholinga chachikulu cha polojekitiyi, ndi kuti mankhwala omwe amafika kumapeto kwake ndi yankho lolimba ku ntchito yoyamba.
Ndizosavuta kuyiwala izi paulendo wopeza, ndikulola ophunzira kupeza pang'ono kwambiri kulenga, mpaka iwo asokoneza kwathunthu mfundo yaikulu ya polojekiti.
Chifukwa chake kumbukirani cholinga chomaliza ndikufotokozera momveka bwino za rubriki yomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito polemba ophunzira anu. Ayenera kudziwa zonsezi kuti aphunzire bwino.
Pakati Pakatikati
Pakatikati ndipamene mudzakhala ndi zochitika zanu zazikulu.
Kupititsa patsogolo pulojekiti yanu ndi zochitika zazikuluzikulu kumatanthauza kuti ophunzira samasiyidwa okha ku zipangizo zawo kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto. Mapeto awo adzakhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi cholinga chifukwa mwawapatsa mayankho abwino pagawo lililonse.
Chofunika kwambiri, kuwunika kofunikira kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala nthawi yomwe ophunzira amalimbikitsidwa. Atha kulembetsa momwe polojekiti yawo ikuyendera, kupeza mayankho othandiza ndikutenga malingaliro atsopano mu gawo lotsatira.
Chifukwa chake, yang'anani polojekiti yanu yonse ndikuyigawa m'magawo, ndikuwunika kwambiri kumapeto kwa gawo lililonse.
Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Zikafika pazovuta zomwe ophunzira amachita pamaphunziro anu enieni, palibe zambiri zomwe muyenera kuchita. kupatula kukumbukira udindo wanu.
Ndinu otsogolera polojekiti yonseyi; mukufuna kuti ophunzira azipanga zisankho zawo momwe angathere kuti athe kuphunzira paokha.
Poganizira izi, makalasi anu nthawi zambiri amakhala ...
- Kubwereza chotsatira chotsatira ndi cholinga chonse.
- Kusuntha pakati pa matebulo ndikuwona momwe gulu likuyendera.
- Kufunsa mafunso omwe amathandiza kukankhira ophunzira njira yoyenera.
- Kuyamika ndi kulimbikitsa.
- Kuonetsetsa kuti chilichonse chomwe wophunzira akufuna (mwachidziwitso) atha kukhala nacho.
Kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito 5 izi zachitika kumakupangitsani kukhala wothandizira kwambiri, pomwe nyenyezi zazikulu, ophunzira, aziphunzira pochita.
Kulowa mu Maphunziro Otengera Project
Mukachita bwino, maphunziro otengera polojekiti akhoza kukhala kuwukira wamphamvuzonse mu kuphunzitsa.
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti akhoza kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo magiredi, koma chofunika kwambiri, amaika maganizo chidwi mwa ophunzira anu, zomwe zingawatumikire modabwitsa mu maphunziro awo amtsogolo.
Ngati mukufuna kupereka PBL bash m'kalasi mwanu, kumbukirani yambani pang'ono.
Mutha kuchita izi poyesa ntchito yayifupi (mwina phunziro limodzi lokha) ngati kuyesa ndikuwona momwe kalasi yanu imachitira. Mukhozanso kupatsa ophunzira kafukufuku wofulumira pambuyo pake kuti muwafunse momwe akumvera komanso ngati akufuna kuchita izi pamlingo wokulirapo.
Komanso, onani ngati alipo aphunzitsi ena kusukulu kwanu omwe angafune kuyesa kalasi ya PBL. Ngati ndi choncho, mutha kukhala pansi pamodzi ndikupanga china chake chamagulu anu aliwonse.
Koma chofunika kwambiri, musachepetse ophunzira anu. Mutha kudabwa ndi zomwe angachite ndi polojekiti yoyenera.
Kuchita zambiri ndi misonkhano yanu
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Mbiri ya maphunziro otengera ntchito?
Kuphunzira motengera mapulojekiti (PBL) kudachokera kumayendedwe opita patsogolo a maphunziro azaka zoyambirira za 20th century, pomwe aphunzitsi ngati John Dewey adagogomezera kuphunzira kudzera pazokumana nazo. Komabe, PBL idachita chidwi kwambiri m'zaka za 20th ndi 21st pomwe akatswiri azamaphunziro ndi akatswiri adazindikira mphamvu yake polimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kwakukulu ndi luso lazaka za zana la 21st. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, PBL yakhala njira yophunzitsira yodziwika bwino m'maphunziro a K-12 ndi maphunziro apamwamba, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa kuphunzira kokhazikika kwa ophunzira, komwe kumagogomezera kuthetsa mavuto padziko lonse lapansi ndi mgwirizano.
Kodi kuphunzira motengera polojekiti ndi chiyani?
Kuphunzira motengera polojekiti (PBL) ndi njira yophunzitsira yomwe imayang'ana ophunzira omwe akuchita zochitika zenizeni, zatanthauzo, komanso zogwira ntchito kuti aphunzire ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ndi luso. Mu PBL, ophunzira amagwira ntchito inayake kapena vuto kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi anzawo. Njirayi idapangidwa kuti ilimbikitse kuphunzira mwachangu, kuganiza mozama, kuthetsa mavuto, komanso kupeza maluso amaphunziro ndi othandiza.
Kodi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za maphunziro otengera polojekiti ndi ziti?
Zokhudza Ophunzira: PBL imayika ophunzira pakati pa zomwe amaphunzira. Amakhala ndi umwini wa ntchito zawo ndipo ali ndi udindo wokonzekera, kuchita, ndi kulingalira za ntchito yawo.
Ntchito Zenizeni: Ma projekiti mu PBL adapangidwa kuti azitengera zochitika zenizeni kapena zovuta. Ophunzira nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito zomwe akatswiri m'gawo linalake angakumane nazo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuphunzira kukhala koyenera komanso kothandiza.
Interdisciplinary: PBL nthawi zambiri imaphatikiza magawo kapena maphunziro angapo, kulimbikitsa ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana kuti athetse mavuto ovuta.
Kufufuza: PBL imalimbikitsa ophunzira kufunsa mafunso, kuchita kafukufuku, ndi kupeza mayankho paokha. Izi zimalimbikitsa chidwi komanso kumvetsetsa mozama za nkhaniyo.
Mgwirizano: Ophunzira nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi anzawo, kugawa ntchito, kugawana maudindo, ndikuphunzira kugwira ntchito bwino m'magulu.
Maganizo Ovuta: PBL imafuna ophunzira kusanthula zambiri, kupanga zisankho, ndi kuthetsa mavuto mozama. Amaphunzira kusanthula ndi kuphatikizira zambiri kuti apeze mayankho.
Maluso a Kuyankhulana: Ophunzira nthawi zambiri amapereka ntchito zawo kwa anzawo, aphunzitsi, kapena omvera ambiri. Izi zimathandiza kukulitsa luso loyankhulana ndi kufotokozera.
Lingaliro: Pamapeto pa pulojekiti, ophunzira amalingalira zomwe aphunzira, kuzindikira zomwe aphunzira, zomwe zidayenda bwino, ndi zomwe zingawongoleredwe m'tsogolomu.
Kuphunzira bwino kwamaphunziro otengera polojekiti?
Mmodzi mwa maphunziro opambana kwambiri pakuphunzira motengera polojekiti (PBL) ndi High Tech High network ya masukulu ku San Diego, California. Yakhazikitsidwa ndi Larry Rosenstock mu 2000, High Tech High yakhala chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha PBL. Masukulu omwe ali mu netiweki iyi amaika patsogolo mapulojekiti oyendetsedwa ndi ophunzira, omwe amakumana ndi zovuta zenizeni padziko lapansi. High Tech High nthawi zonse imakhala ndi zotulukapo zochititsa chidwi zamaphunziro, pomwe ophunzira amapambana pamayeso okhazikika komanso amapeza maluso ofunikira pakuganiza mozama, mgwirizano, ndi kulumikizana. Kupambana kwake kwalimbikitsa masukulu ena ambiri kuti atsatire njira za PBL ndikugogomezera kufunikira kwa kuphunzira kowona, kotengera ntchito.