Njira za Mathithi | 2024 Comprehensive Handbook
Njira yomwe mumasankha ikhoza kupanga kapena kuswa polojekiti yanu. Njira yolakwika ikhoza kuwononga ngakhale mapulani okonzedwa bwino kuyambira pachiyambi.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zenizeni za njira ya Waterfall. Monga dzina lake, Waterfall imatsitsa mapulojekiti pansi panjira zomwe zidakonzedweratu. Koma kodi dongosolo lolimba ndilothandiza kapena nangula?
Pokhapokha popotoza malingaliro a Waterfall omwe tingathe kusankha ngati kutengera mafunde ake ndi njira yanzeru. Choncho tiyeni tilowe m'mabwinja ake ozungulira ndi mafunde othamanga kuti tifufuze choonadi chake pansi pa nthaka. Kufufuza kwathu sikufuna kusiya mwala wosasinthika, palibe chinsinsi chosamvetsetseka pakupatsa mphamvu kusankha njira yanu.
Lowani nafe ndikumizidwa pamene tikudutsa mkati mwa Waterfall, kuzinga malo ake otetezedwa, ndikuyang'ana njira zake.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
mwachidule
| Amene AnalengaNjira ya Mathithi? | Dr. Winston W. Royce |
| Ndi litiWaterfall Methodology idapangidwa? | 1970 |
| Kodi njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito mathithi ndi iti? | Uinjiniya wa mapulogalamu ndi chitukuko cha Zogulitsa |
About Waterfall Methodology
| Tanthauzo la Mathithi a Mathithi | Ndi njira yotsatizana komanso yokhazikika yoyendetsera polojekiti. Imatsatira mzere wodutsa kuchokera ku gawo lina kupita ku lina, ndipo gawo lililonse likumanga pamzere wammbuyo. |
| Magawo a 6 a Njira ya Mathithi | Kusonkhanitsa Zofunikira, Kupanga, Kukhazikitsa, Kuyesa, Kutumiza, ndi Kukonza. |
| Ubwino WaWaterfall Methodology | Amapereka dongosolo lomveka bwino, amatsindika zolemba, amakhazikitsa zofunikira zodziwika bwino, ndipo amapereka ulamuliro wa polojekiti. |
| zovutaOfWaterfall Methodology | Kusinthasintha kochepa, kusowa kwa okhudzidwa, chiopsezo chachikulu cha kusintha kwamtengo wapatali, ndi kusinthasintha kochepa kwa kusatsimikizika. |
| Nthawi yoti MufufuzeWaterfall Methodology | Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi zofunikira zodziwika bwino komanso zokhazikika, pomwe polojekitiyo imakhala ndi zolinga zomveka bwino komanso kukula kwake. |
| Komwe MungalembetsereWaterfall Methodology | Chitsanzochi ndi chofala m'mafakitale monga zomangamanga, zomangamanga, kupanga, ndi chitukuko cha mapulogalamu. |
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Tanthauzo la Mathithi a Mathithi
Njira ya mathithi (kapena mtundu wa mathithi) mu kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ndi njira yotsatizana komanso yotsatizana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ma projekiti. Zimatsatira ndondomeko yokonzedwa kumene gawo lililonse la polojekiti limalizidwa lisanapitirire ku lina. Njirayi imatchedwa "mathithi" chifukwa kupita patsogolo kumatsika pang'onopang'ono, mofanana ndi mathithi.
Mtundu wa Waterfall ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupanga mapulogalamu, uinjiniya, ndi zomangamanga. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi nthawi yokhazikika, bajeti yochepa, komanso malo okhazikika.
Magawo a 6 a Njira ya Mathithi
Waterfall Methodology ikutsatira njira yotsatizana yoyendetsera polojekiti, yomwe imakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tifufuze magawo awa m'njira yosavuta:
1/ Kusonkhanitsa Zofunikira:
Mu gawo ili, zofunikira za polojekiti zimazindikiridwa ndikulembedwa. Ogwira nawo ntchito amatenga nawo mbali kuti awonetsetse kuti zomwe akufuna komanso zomwe akuyembekezera zikumveka bwino. Cholinga cha gawoli ndikukhazikitsa maziko olimba a polojekitiyi pofotokoza zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa.
Mwachitsanzo, muli ndi pulojekiti yokonza mapulogalamu a tsamba la e-commerce latsopano. Mu gawo ili, gulu lanu la polojekiti likhoza:
- Gwirizanani ndi okhudzidwa osiyanasiyana, monga eni mabizinesi, akatswiri azamalonda, ndi omwe atha kugwiritsa ntchito kumapeto, kuti asonkhanitse zomwe akufuna komanso zomwe akufuna.
- Chitani zoyankhulana, misonkhano, ndi zokambirana kuti mumvetsetse zolinga, magwiridwe antchito, ndi zoyembekeza za tsambalo.
2/ Kupanga:
Zofunikira zikasonkhanitsidwa, gawo la mapangidwe limayamba. Apa, gulu la polojekiti limapanga dongosolo latsatanetsatane la polojekiti kapena mapulani. Zimaphatikizapo kufotokozera kapangidwe kake, zigawo, ndi zochitika za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Gawo la Design likufuna kuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense amene akukhudzidwa, kuphatikiza opanga, opanga, ndi onse okhudzidwa, ali ndi masomphenya omveka bwino a momwe polojekitiyi idapangidwira komanso mawonekedwe ake.
3/ Kukonzekera:
Mu gawo lokhazikitsa, ntchito yeniyeni yachitukuko ikuchitika. Gulu la polojekitiyo limayamba kupanga zomwe zingabweretsedwe molingana ndi kapangidwe kake.
Muziganiza ngati kumanga nyumba. Gawo la Kukhazikitsa ndi pamene omanga amayamba kugwira ntchito pa maziko, makoma, denga, mapaipi, ndi magetsi. Amatsatira mapulani omanga ndikuwasandutsa zinthu zogwirika.
Mofananamo, mu gawo ili, okonza mapulani amatsatira mapulani opangira omwe adapangidwa kale ndikulemba ndondomeko yofunikira kuti polojekitiyi igwire ntchito. Amasonkhanitsa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za polojekiti, monga mawonekedwe, magwiridwe antchito, ndi mawonekedwe, ndikuzilumikiza m'njira yomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi bwino.
4/ Kuyesa:
Pambuyo pa gawo lokhazikitsa, kuyezetsa mwamphamvu kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchitoyo ndi yabwino komanso magwiridwe antchito. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyesera, monga kuyesa mayunitsi, kuyesa kuphatikiza, ndi kuyesa kwamakina, kumachitika kuti azindikire zolakwika kapena zovuta zilizonse.
Gawo loyesera likufuna kutsimikizira kuti polojekitiyo ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zatchulidwa ndipo imagwira ntchito momwe ikuyembekezeredwa.
5/ Kutumiza:
Kutumiza ndi gawo lomwe polojekitiyi yakonzeka kumasulidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimachitika pambuyo pomaliza gawo loyesa.
Mu gawo la Deployment, zomwe zimaperekedwa, monga pulogalamu kapena tsamba lawebusayiti, zimatulutsidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa mdziko lenileni. Amayikidwa m'malo opangira, pomwe chilichonse chimakhazikitsidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito, kapena chimaperekedwa kwa kasitomala amene adapempha ntchitoyi.
- Mwachitsanzo, ngati ili tsamba la webusayiti, gulu la projekitiyo lingakhazikitse ma seva, ma database, ndi zina zilizonse zofunika. Iwo adzaonetsetsa kuti zonse zakonzedwa bwino ndikugwira ntchito bwino.
6/ Kusamalira:
Pa gawo la Maintenance, gulu la polojekiti limapereka chithandizo chokhazikika kuti athetse mavuto aliwonse omwe angabwere. Cholinga chachikulu cha gawo la Maintenance ndikuwonetsetsa kuti polojekitiyi ikugwira ntchito bwino ndikukwaniritsa zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amayembekezera.
- Ngati zolakwika kapena zovuta zapezeka mu polojekiti, gulu limayesetsa kukonza.
- Gululi limayang'ananso pakupanga kusintha kofunikira kapena kukonza pulojekiti kutengera malingaliro a ogwiritsa ntchito kapena zofunikira zatsopano. Ndizofanana ndi pamene mukupempha kuti muwonjezere chinthu chatsopano ku pulogalamu yomwe mumakonda, ndipo opanga amamvetsera ndikupangitsa kuti zichitike.
Gulu la polojekiti likupitiriza kupereka chithandizo, kukonza zovuta zilizonse, ndikusintha zofunikira kapena kusintha malinga ndi momwe polojekiti ikuyendera. Izi zimathandiza kuti pulojekitiyi ikhale yodalirika, yotetezeka, komanso yatsopano.
Ubwino ndi Zoyipa Za Njira Yamathithi Amadzi
ubwino
- Njira Yosavuta komanso Yokhazikika: Methodology imapereka njira yomveka bwino komanso yolongosoka yoyendetsera ntchito. Zimatsata ndondomeko yapang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magulu azitha kukonzekera ndikugwira ntchito yawo mosavuta.
- Zolemba Zatsatanetsatane: Chitsanzochi chikugogomezera kufunika kwa zolemba pa gawo lililonse. Zimatanthawuza kuti zofunikira za polojekiti, mapulani apangidwe, ndi tsatanetsatane wa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndizolembedwa bwino. Zolemba izi ndizothandiza kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo ndipo zimathandizira kuti chidziwitso chisungike mkati mwa bungwe.
- Kuzindikiritsa Koyambirira Zofunikira: Njira iyi imayang'ana pa kuzindikira ndi kufotokozera zofunikira za polojekiti koyambirira. Pochita izi, mutha kuchepetsa kusamvana komwe kungathe kuchitika kapena kusintha kwakukulu. Zimapereka maziko olimba a polojekiti kuyambira pachiyambi.
- Zomveka Zomveka ndi Zomwe Zingachitike: Njira imeneyi imalola kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochitika zomveka bwino ndi zomwe zidzachitike pagawo lililonse la polojekiti. Izi zimathandiza oyang'anira polojekiti kuti aziwona momwe polojekiti ikuyendera ndikuyesa kupambana ndi zolinga zomwe zafotokozedwa kale. Zimapereka chidziwitso chakuchita bwino pamene gulu likumaliza gawo lililonse.
zovuta
- Kusinthasintha Kwambiri: Njirayi ili ndi zovuta zake kukhala zosasinthika. Gawo likamalizidwa, zimakhala zovuta kusintha. Kuchepetsa uku kungayambitse zovuta kuzolowera zomwe zikufunika kusintha kapena kuphatikiza ndemanga pambuyo pake mu polojekiti. Zitha kulepheretsa pulojekitiyo kuti ikhale yosinthika komanso yogwirizana ndi zosowa zomwe zikusintha.
- Kupanda Kutengapo mbali kwa Okhudzidwa: Muchitsanzo ichi, ogwira nawo ntchito akhoza kukhala ndi gawo lochepa ndipo amapereka ndemanga pokhapokha pamapeto a polojekitiyo. Kuchedwetsa chinkhosweku kungayambitse zodabwitsa kapena zokhumudwitsa ngati zotsatira zomaliza sizikukwaniritsa zomwe okhudzidwa amayembekezera.
- Chiwopsezo Chachikulu Chosintha Mtengo: Chifukwa cha kutsatizana kwa njira, kusintha kapena kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zapezeka pambuyo pake zitha kutenga nthawi komanso zodula. Kusintha pulojekitiyi kumafuna kubwereranso ku magawo akale, zomwe zingasokoneze nthawi ya polojekiti ndi bajeti. Zosinthazi zitha kubweretsa ndalama zowonjezera komanso kuchedwetsa.
- Kusinthasintha Kwapang'onopang'ono ku Kusatsimikizika: Chitsanzochi chimaganiza kuti zofunikira za polojekiti zikhoza kumveka bwino ndikufotokozedwa pachiyambi. Komabe, m'ma projekiti ovuta kapena malo osatsimikizika, zitha kukhala zovuta kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira patsogolo. Chiletsochi chikhoza kubweretsa zovuta popereka zotsatira zomwe mukufuna mukakumana ndi zochitika zosayembekezereka kapena kusintha.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zingakhale zoyenera kwambiri pazofunikira zenizeni za polojekiti komanso zochitika za bungwe. Choncho, tiyeni tipite ku gawo lotsatira kuti mudziwe pamene muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mathithi!
Kodi Muyenera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Liti Ndipo Ndi Kuti?
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi zofunikira zodziwika bwino komanso zokhazikika, pomwe polojekitiyo imakhala ndi zolinga zomveka bwino komanso kukula kwake. Chitsanzochi ndi chofala m'mafakitale monga zomangamanga, zomangamanga, kupanga, ndi chitukuko cha mapulogalamu.
Nazi zina zomwe njira ya Waterfall Methodology ingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino:
- Ntchito Zotsatizana ndi Zolosera: Zimagwira ntchito bwino pamapulojekiti omwe ali ndi ntchito zomveka bwino komanso kuyenda kodziwikiratu, monga kumanga nyumba.
- Ntchito Zing'onozing'ono Zokhala ndi Zolinga Zomveka: Ndiwothandiza pamapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi zolinga zodziwika bwino, monga kupanga pulogalamu yosavuta yam'manja.
- Zofunikira Zokhazikika ndi Zosintha Zochepa: Pamene zofunikira za polojekiti zikhazikika ndipo sizingasinthe kwambiri, Waterfall Methodology ndiyoyenera.
- Zofunikira pakutsata ndi Zolemba: Ndizopindulitsa pama projekiti omwe amafunikira zolemba bwino komanso kutsata malamulo, monga azachipatala kapena mafakitale apamlengalenga.
- Ma projekiti omwe ali ndi Zofunikira Zodziwika Bwino: Zimagwira ntchito ngati zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito zimamveka bwino kuyambira pachiyambi, monga kumanga tsamba lawebusayiti molingana ndi zomwe kasitomala akufuna.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti njira ya Waterfall Methodology mwina singakhale yoyenera pulojekiti zomwe zimafuna kusinthika, kutenga nawo mbali pafupipafupi, kapena kulabadira zosintha. Zikatero, njira za Agile nthawi zambiri zimakondedwa.
Zitengera Zapadera
Waterfall Methodology imagwira ntchito bwino pama projekiti okhala ndi ntchito zotsatizana komanso zodziwikiratu, mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zolinga zomveka bwino, kapena ma projekiti odziwika bwino a ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, sizingakhale zoyenerera ma projekiti omwe amafunikira kusinthika komanso kutengapo gawo pafupipafupi kwa omwe akukhudzidwa.
Pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga AhaSlides, mutha kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Waterfall Methodology. AhaSlides amapereka zamtengo wapatali zidindo ndi mbali zokambirana zomwe zimathandizira kukonzekera, kupanga, ndi kulumikizana. Ndi AhaSlides, magulu amatha kupanga mawonetsero ochititsa chidwi, kuyang'anira momwe polojekiti ikuyendera bwino, ndi kukonza zotsatira za polojekiti yonse.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi mathithi amadzi ndi chiyani?
Njira ya mathithi (kapena mtundu wa mathithi) mu kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ndi njira yotsatizana komanso yotsatizana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ma projekiti. Zimatsatira ndondomeko yokonzedwa kumene gawo lililonse la polojekiti limalizidwa lisanapitirire ku lina.
Kodi masitepe 5 amtundu wa mathithi ndi ati?
Nawa magawo 5 a mtundu wa mathithi:
- Kusonkhanitsa Zofunikira
- Kupanga
- Kukhazikitsa
- Kuyesedwa
- Kutumiza ndi Kusamalira
Kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mtundu wa Waterfall ndi chiyani?
Njira ya mathithi ili ndi ubwino wake komanso kuipa kwake. Kumbali yabwino, imapereka njira yomveka bwino komanso yokhazikika yotsatizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. Gawo lirilonse la mathithilo limayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo komanso lolembedwa mwachilengedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito ndi zotsatira zake zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino. Mathithi amadzinso amabweretsa zolemba zambiri pagawo lililonse, zomwe zimathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti zofunikira zimamveka bwino kuyambira pachiyambi. Kuzindikiritsa koyambirira kwa zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zochitika zomveka bwino zimapereka kuwonekera kwa zomwe zingabweretse. Komabe, mathithiwo amakhala okhazikika komanso osasinthasintha pang'ono gawo likatha. Okhudzidwa satenga nawo mbali pang'ono kupitilira kuyambika ndipo pali chiwopsezo chokwera mtengo kwambiri popeza polojekiti ikupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Chikhalidwe chotchulidwachi chimatanthauzanso kuti mathithi ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zokhoza kuthana ndi kusatsimikizika ndi kusintha kwa zosowa chifukwa cha njira yake yoyendetsedwa ndi zolemba. Kusinthasintha kumaperekedwa mokomera kapangidwe kake.