Imisebenzi yokuhlola okwakhayo ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibalulekile zemfundo ngenxa yokugqugquzela kwayo abafundi kanye nemiphumela yayo esheshayo enqubweni yokufunda nokufundisa. Le misebenzi isiza abafundisi ukuthi bathole impendulo ukuze baziqonde imikhawulo, kanye namakhono amanje, ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo ekilasini.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, ngabelana ngemisebenzi yokuhlola okwakhayo eyisikhombisa eguqule ikilasi lami kanye nelothisha engisebenza nabo. Lawa akuwona imiqondo yetiyetha evela encwadini—amasu ahlolwe impi asize izinkulungwane zabafundi bazizwe bebonwa, beqondwa, futhi benikezwe amandla ohambweni lwabo lokufunda.
Okuqukethwe
Yini Eyenza Ukuhlola Okuhlelekile Kubaluleke Ngo-2025?
Ukuhlola okwakhayo kuwuhlelo oluqhubekayo lokuqoqa ubufakazi mayelana nokufunda komfundi ngesikhathi sokufundiswa ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ngokushesha ezithuthukisa kokubili imiphumela yokufunda nokufundisa.NgokoMkhandlu Wezikhulu Zesikole Esiyinhloko (CCSSO), ukuhlola okwakhayo “kuyinqubo ehleliwe, eqhubekayo esetshenziswa yibo bonke abafundi nothisha ngesikhathi sokufunda nokufundisa ukuze kutholwe futhi kusetshenziswe ubufakazi bokufunda kwabafundi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwabafundi ngemiphumela yokufunda ehloselwe ukuqondiswa izigwegwe kanye nokweseka abafundi ukuba babe abafundi abaziqondisayo. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okufingqiwe okuhlaziya ukufunda ngemva kokuqedwa kokufundisa, ukuhlola okwakhayo kwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi, okuvumela othisha ukuthi baphike, bafundise kabusha, noma basheshise ngokusekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela.
Isimo sezemfundo sishintshe kakhulu kusukela ngiqala ukungena ekilasini ngo-2015. Sizulazule ukufunda kude, samukela ubuchwepheshe obusha, futhi sachaza kabusha ukuthi ukusebenzelana kubukeka kanjani emhlabeni wethu wangemva kobhubhane. Nokho isidingo esibalulekile sokuqonda uhambo lokufunda lwabafundi bethu asishintshile—uma kukhona, sesibaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Ucwaningo Olungemuva Kokuhlola Okuhlelekile
Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lokuhlola okwakhayo, oluqala ngokubuyekezwa kuka-1998 kuka-Black kanye no-Wiliam okunethonya ezifundweni ezingaphezu kuka-250, ngokuqhubekayo kubonisa imiphumela emihle empumelelweni yomfundi. Ucwaningo lwabo luthole amasayizi omthelela asukela ku-0.4 kuya ku-0.7 ekuphambukeni okujwayelekile—okulingana nokuthuthukisa ukufunda kwabafundi ngezinyanga eziyi-12-18. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwakamuva, okuhlanganisa isibuyekezo sika-Hattie se-meta-analysis engu-12 mayelana nempendulo emakilasini, kuphethe ngokuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, impendulo emongweni wokufometha ingaba negalelo elikhulu empumelelweni yabafundi, ngosayizi womphumela omaphakathi ongu-0.73.
I-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) ikhombe ukuhlola okwakhayo "njengelinye lamasu asebenza ngempumelelo okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezikole," iphawula ukuthi ukuzuza okubangelwa ukuhlola okwakhayo "kuphezulu kakhulu". Nokho, i-OECD iphinde iphawule ukuthi naphezu kwalezi zinzuzo, ukuhlola okwakhayo “akukenziwa ngokuhlelekile” ezinhlelweni eziningi zemfundo.
Ukhiye usekudaleni iluphu yempendulo lapho:
- Abafundi bathola impendulo esheshayo, ethizemayelana nokuqonda kwabo
- Othisha balungisa iziyalezongokusekelwe ebufakazini bokufunda komfundi
- Ukufunda kuyabonakalakubo bobabili othisha nabafundi
- Abafundi bathuthukisa amakhono e-metacognitivefuthi babe abafundi abaziqondisayo
7 Imisebenzi Yokuhlola Okwakhayo Enomthelela Ophakeme Eguqula Ukufunda
1. Imibuzo Eyakhayo Esheshayo
Khohlwa imibuzo ye-pop edala ukwethuka. Imibuzo eyakhayo esheshayo (imibuzo emi-3-5, imizuzu emi-5-7) isebenza njengokuhlola okufundayo okwazisa iminyakazo yakho elandelayo yeziyalezo.
Izimiso zokuklama:
- Gxila emcabangweni owodwa oyisihluthulelongemibuzo
- Faka ingxube yezinhlobo zemibuzo:ukukhetha okuningi, impendulo emfushane, kanye nesicelo
- Zenze zibe izinto eziphansi:abiza amaphuzu amancane noma awehlisiwe
- Nikeza impendulo esheshayongezingxoxo zempendulo
Imibuzo yemibuzo ehlakaniphile:
- "Chaza lo mqondo kumfundi webanga lesi-5"
- "Kungenzekani uma sishintsha lokhu kuguquguquka?"
- "Xhuma ukufunda kwanamuhla kokuthile esikufunde ngesonto eledlule"
- "Yini esadida ngalesi sihloko?"
Amathuluzi edijithali asebenzayo:
- Kahoot ngokuzibandakanya kwe-gamified
- I-AhaSlides yemiphumela yokuzihambela kanye neyesikhathi sangempela
- I-Google Amafomu ukuze uthole impendulo enemininingwane
2. Amathikithi Abalulekile Okuphuma: I-3-2-1 Power Play
Amathikithi okuphuma awakona nje ukugcinwa kwezindlu ekupheleni kwekilasi—ayizimayini zegolide zedatha yokufunda uma eklanywe ngobuchule. Ifomethi engiyithandayo yi- 3-2-1 ukuzindla:
- Izinto ezi-3 ozifundile namuhla
- 2 imibuzo osenayo
- Indlela engu-1 ozosebenzisa ngayo lolu lwazi
Amathiphu wokuqaliswa kwe-Pro:
- Sebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali afana ne-Google Amafomu noma i-Padlet ukuze uqoqe idatha esheshayo
- Dala amathikithi okuphuma ahlukene asuselwa kuzinjongo zokufunda
- Hlunga izimpendulo zibe yinqwaba emithathu: "Ngiyezwa," "Ukufika lapho," kanye "Kudinga ukusekelwa"
- Sebenzisa idatha ukuhlela imisebenzi yakho yokuvula yosuku olulandelayo
Isibonelo sangempela sekilasi:Ngemva kokufundisa i-photosynthesis, ngasebenzisa amathikithi okuphuma ukuze ngithole ukuthi u-60% wabafundi usadidekile ama-chloroplast ne-mitochondria. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ngaqala ngomsebenzi wokuqhathanisa osheshayo esikhundleni sokuthuthela ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula njengoba kwakuhleliwe.
3. Interactive Polling
Ukuvota okusebenzisanayo kuguqula abalaleli abangenzi lutho babe abahlanganyeli abakhuthele kuyilapho kukunikeza imininingwane yesikhathi sangempela ekuqondeni kwabafundi. Kodwa umlingo awukho ethuluzini—kumibuzo oyibuzayo.
Imibuzo ye-poll enomthelela omkhulu:
- Ukuqonda komqondo:"Iyiphi kulezi echaza kangcono ukuthi kungani ..."
- Isicelo:"Uma ubungasebenzisa lo mqondo ukuxazulula ..."
- I-Metacognitive:"Uzethemba kangakanani ngekhono lakho loku..."
- Ukuhlola okungalungile:"Kuzokwenzekani uma..."
Isu lokuqalisa:
- Sebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-AhaSlides ukuze uthole ukuvota okusebenzisanayo
- Buza imibuzo yamasu emi-2-3 esifundweni ngasinye, hhayi nje inhlebo ejabulisayo
- Bonisa imiphumela ukuze uvuse izingxoxo zekilasi mayelana nokucabanga
- Landela ngokuthi "Kungani ukhethe leyo mpendulo?" izingxoxo
4. Cabanga-Ngabili-Yabelana 2.0
I- think-pair-share yakudala ithola ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje nokuziphendulela okuhlelekile. Nansi indlela yokukhulisa amandla ayo okuhlola okwakhayo:
Inqubo ethuthukisiwe:
- Cabanga (2 amaminithi):Abafundi babhala imicabango yabo yokuqala
- Bhanqa (3 amaminithi):Ozakwethu babelana futhi bakhe phezu kwemibono
- Yabelana (imizuzu emi-5):Ababili bethula ukucabanga okucolekile ekilasini
- Zindla (1 iminithi):Ukuzindla komuntu ngamunye ngokuthi ukucabanga kwavela kanjani
Ukuhlola:
- Buka abafundi abathembele kakhulu kozakwethu uma kuqhathaniswa nokunikela ngokulinganayo
- Zungeza phakathi kwezingxoxo ngababili ukuze ulalele imibono eyiphutha
- Sebenzisa ishidi lokulandelela elilula ukuze uqaphele ukuthi yibaphi abafundi abakuthola kunzima ukuchaza imibono
- Lalela ukusetshenziswa kwamagama kanye nokuxhumana komqondo
5. Igalari yokufunda
Guqula izindonga zekilasi lakho zibe amagalari okufunda lapho abafundi bebonisa ukucabanga kwabo ngokubuka. Lo msebenzi usebenza kuzo zonke izifundo futhi uhlinzeka ngedatha yokuhlola enothile.
Amafomethi wegalari:
- Imiqondo yamamephu:Abafundi benza izethulo ezibonakalayo zokuthi imibono ihlangana kanjani
- Uhambo lokuxazulula izinkinga:Amadokhumenti esinyathelo ngesinyathelo sezinqubo zokucabanga
- Amagalari wokubikezela:Abafundi bathumela izibikezelo, bese bevakashela kabusha ngemva kokufunda
- Amabhodi okubonisa:Izimpendulo ezibonakalayo kukwaziswa kusetshenziswa imidwebo, amagama, noma kokubili
Isu lokuhlola:
- Sebenzisa ukuhamba kwegalari ukuze uthole impendulo yontanga usebenzisa amaphrothokholi athile
- Thatha izithombe zomsebenzi wabafundi kumaphothifoliyo edijithali
- Qaphela amaphethini emibonweni eyiphutha kuwo wonke ama-artifact abafundi abaningi
- Yenza abafundi bachaze ukucabanga kwabo ngesikhathi sezethulo zegalari
6. Amaphrothokholi Ezingxoxo Ngokuhlanganyela
Izingxoxo zasekilasini ezinenjongo azenzeki ngengozi—zidinga izakhiwo ezihlosiwe ezenza ukucabanga komfundi kubonakale kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuhlanganyela.
I-Fishbowl Protocol:
- Abafundi abangu-4-5 baxoxa ngesihloko embuthanweni ophakathi
- Abafundi abasele bayabuka futhi babhale amaphuzu engxoxweni
- Izibukeli zingakwazi "ukungena" ukuze zimiselele oxoxisana naye
- I-Debrief igxile kukho kokubili okuqukethwe kanye nekhwalithi yengxoxo
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Jigsaw:
- Abafundi baba ngochwepheshe ezicini ezehlukene zesihloko
- Amaqembu ochwepheshe ahlangana ukuze ajulise ukuqonda
- Abafundi babuyela emaqenjini asekhaya ukuze bafundise abanye
- Ukuhlola kwenzeka ngokufundisa okuqaphelayo kanye nokucabanga okuphumayo
Isemina yeSocratic plus:
- Isemina ye-Traditional Socratic enesendlalelo sokuhlola esengeziwe
- Abafundi balandelela ukuhlanganyela kwabo nokuziphendukela kwemicabango
- Faka phakathi imibuzo yokuzindla mayelana nokuthi ukucabanga kwabo kwashintsha kanjani
- Sebenzisa amashidi okubuka ukuze uqaphele amaphethini okuzibandakanya
7. Amathuluzi okuzihlola
Ukufundisa abafundi ukuthi bazihlolele ukufunda kwabo mhlawumbe kuyisu elinamandla kakhulu lokuhlola okwakhayo. Lapho abafundi bengahlola ngokunembile ukuqonda kwabo, baba ozakwethu emfundweni yabo.
Izakhiwo zokuzihlola:
1. Izilandeleli zokuqhubeka nokufunda:
- Abafundi bakala ukuqonda kwabo esikalini ngezincazelo ezithile
- Faka nezidingo zobufakazi zezinga ngalinye
- Ukungena okuvamile kuwo wonke amayunithi
- Ukubeka umgomo okusekelwe ekuqondeni kwamanje
2. Amajenali okucabanga:
- Okufakiwe kwamasonto onke kudingida izinzuzo zokufunda nezinselele
- Ukwaziswa okuqondile okuhlobene nezinjongo zokufunda
- Ukwabelana kontanga kwemininingwane namasu
- Impendulo kathisha ngokukhula kwengqondo
3. Amaphrothokholi okuhlaziya amaphutha:
- Abafundi bahlaziya amaphutha abo ezabelweni
- Hlukanisa amaphutha ngohlobo (lokucabanga, inqubo, ukunganaki)
- Yakha amasu omuntu siqu okugwema amaphutha afanayo
- Yabelana ngamasu asebenzayo okuvimbela amaphutha nontanga
Ukudala Isu Lakho Lokuhlola Okuhlelekile
Qala kancane, cabanga kakhulu- Ungazami ukusebenzisa wonke amasu ayisikhombisa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Khetha okungu-2-3 okuhambisana nesitayela sakho sokufundisa kanye nezidingo zomfundi. Kahle lokhu ngaphambi kokwengeza ezinye.
Ikhwalithi ngaphezu kobuningi- Kungcono ukusebenzisa isu lokuhlola okwakhayo kahle kunokusebenzisa amasu amahlanu kabi. Gxila ekuklameni imibuzo yekhwalithi ephezulu nemisebenzi eveza ngempela ukucabanga komfundi.
Vala iluphu- Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola okwakhayo akukhona ukuqoqwa kwedatha—yilokho okwenzayo ngolwazi. Hlala unecebo lokuthi uzolungisa kanjani iziyalezo ngokusekelwe kulokho okufundayo.
Kwenze kube umkhuba- Ukuhlola okwakhayo kufanele kuzizwe kungokwemvelo, hhayi njengomthwalo owengeziwe. Yakha le misebenzi ekuhambeni kwakho kwesifundo ukuze ibe izingxenye zokufunda ezingenamthungo.
Amathuluzi Obuchwepheshe Athuthukisa Ukuhlola Okuhlelekile (Akuyona Inkimbinkimbi).
Amathuluzi wamahhala ekilasi ngalinye:
- I-AhaSlides:Isebenza ngezindlela eziningi kunhlolovo, imibuzo, nemicabango
- I-Padlet:Kuhle kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni imibono nokwabelana ngemibono
- I-Mentimeter:Ilungele ukuvota okubukhoma kanye namafu egama
- I-Flipgrid:Ilungele izimpendulo zevidiyo nempendulo yontanga
- Kahoot:Kubandakanya ukubuyekezwa nokukhumbula imisebenzi
Amathuluzi e-Premium okufanele acatshangelwe:
- I-Socrative:Isuite yokuhlola ebanzi enemininingwane yesikhathi sangempela
- Ipheya leDekhi:Izethulo zamaslayidi ezisebenzisanayo ezinokuhlola okwakhayo
- I-Nearpod:Izifundo ezigxilile ezinemisebenzi yokuhlola eyakhelwe ngaphakathi
- Quizizz:Ukuhlola okugayiwe ngezibalo ezinemininingwane
Iphuzu Elibalulekile: Ukwenza Sonke Isikhathi Sibale
Ukuhlola okwakhayo akukhona ukwenza okwengeziwe—kumayelana nokuba nenhloso eyengeziwe ngokusebenzelana osuvele unakho nabafundi. Imayelana nokuguqula lezo zikhathi zokulahla zibe amathuba okuqonda, ukuxhumana, nokukhula.
Uma uqonda ngempela ukuthi abafundi bakho bakuphi ohambweni lwabo lokufunda, ungahlangana nabo lapho bekhona futhi ubaqondise lapho bedinga ukuya khona. Lokho akukhona nje ukufundisa okuhle—lokho ubuciko nesayensi yemfundo esebenza ndawonye ukuze kuvulwe ikhono lawo wonke umfundi.
Qala kusasa.Khetha isu elilodwa kulolu hlu. Izame iviki lonke. Lungisa ngokusekelwe kulokho okufundayo. Bese wengeza enye. Ngaphambi kokuthi wazi, uzobe usuguqule ikilasi lakho laba indawo lapho ukufunda kubonakala khona, kwaziswa, futhi kuthuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo.
Abafundi abahlezi ekilasini lakho namuhla abafanelwe lutho olungaphansi komzamo wakho omkhulu wokuqonda nokusekela ukufunda kwabo. Ukuhlola okwakhayo yindlela owenza ngayo lokho kwenzeke, umzuzu owodwa, umbuzo owodwa, ukuqonda okukodwa ngesikhathi.
Okubhekwayo
Bennett, RE (2011). Ukuhlola okwakhayo: Ukubuyekeza okubalulekile. Ukuhlola Kwezemfundo: Izimiso, Inqubomgomo Nokwenza, 18(1), i-5-25.
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Ukuhlola nokufunda ekilasini. Ukuhlola Kwezemfundo: Izimiso, Inqubomgomo Nokwenza, 5(1), i-7-74.
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Ukuthuthukisa ithiyori yokuhlola okwakhayo. Ukuhlola, Ukuhlola kanye Nokuziphendulela Kwezemfundo, 21(1), i-5-31.
UMkhandlu Wezikhulu Zezikole Zombuso. (2018). Ukubuyekeza incazelo yokuhlola okwakhayo. Washington, DC: CCSSO.
Fuchs, LS, & Fuchs, D. (1986). Imithelela yokuhlola okwakhayo okuhlelekile: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta. Izingane Eziyingqayizivele, 53(3), i-199-208.
Graham, S., Hebert, M., & Harris, KR (2015). Ukuhlola okwakhayo nokubhala: I-meta-analysis. I-Elementary School Journal, 115(4), i-523-547.
U-Hattie, J. (2009). Ukufunda okubonakalayo: Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-meta engaphezu kuka-800 okuhlobene nempumelelo. I-London: Routledge.
U-Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). Amandla empendulo. Ukubuyekezwa Kocwaningo Lwezemfundo, 77(1), i-81-112.
Kingston, N., & Nash, B. (2011). Ukuhlola okwakhayo: Ukuhlaziywa kwemeta kanye nokubizelwa ucwaningo. Isilinganiso Sezemfundo: Izinkinga Nomkhuba, 30(4), i-28-37.
Klute, M., Apthorp, H., Harlacher, J., & Reale, M. (2017). Ukuhlola okwakhayo kanye nempumelelo yomfundi wesikole samabanga aphansi: Ukubuyekezwa kobufakazi(REL 2017–259). Washington, DC: Umnyango Wezemfundo wase-US, Isikhungo Sesayensi Yezemfundo, Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokuhlolwa Kwezemfundo Nosizo Lwesifunda, Ilebhu Yezemfundo Yesifunda Emaphakathi.
I-OECD. (2005). Ukuhlola okwakhayo: Ukwenza ngcono ukufunda emakilasini aphakeme. I-Paris: I-OECD Publishing.
U-William, D. (2010). Isifinyezo esihlanganisayo semibhalo yocwaningo kanye nemithelela yethiyori entsha yokuhlola okwakhayo. Ku-HL Andrade no-GJ Cizek (Eds.), Ibhuku lokuhlola okwakhayo(amakhasi 18-40). ENew York: I-Routledge.
U-Wiliam, D., & Thompson, M. (2008). Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola nokufunda: Kuzodingekani ukuze kusebenze? Ku-CA Dwyer (Umhl.), Ikusasa lokuhlola: Ukubumba ukufundisa nokufunda(amakhasi 53-82). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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