Kuyini Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi? | Konke Okumele Ukwazi ngo-2024
Ucwile ezinsukwini zokugcina? Ukuzizwa ucindezelekile? Mphathi Ukuphatha iphrojekthi ngo-2024 futhi uguqule indlela osebenza ngayo.
Emakhulwini eminyaka, uhlelo lwase-San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), olunabagibeli abangu-400,000 ngosuku lube ngomunye wamaphrojekthi aphumelele kakhulu futhi u-Bechtel ungumphathi wephrojekthi ohamba phambili emhlabeni wamaphrojekthi amakhulu wokwakha nobunjiniyela. Lesi sibonelo siwubufakazi obuhle kakhulu bokuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi. Umnyombo wempumelelo yanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi usemuva kwabaphathi bephrojekthi abahle.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi kuyini ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi, kubaluleke kangakanani, kanye namasu angcono kakhulu okuhlela, ukuhlela, ukulawula nokuhlola iphrojekthi.
Okuqukethwe
- Kuyini Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi Nezibonelo?
- Kungani Kubalulekile Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi?
- Yiziphi Izigaba Ezintathu Ezibalulekile Zokuphathwa Kwephrojekthi?
- Ayini amasu okuphatha amaphrojekthi: i-PERT ne-CPM
- Kusetshenziswa Isoftware Yokuphatha Iphrojekthi Ukuphatha Amaphrojekthi
- imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
- Umugqa Ongezansi
Amathiphu Okuhlanganyela Okungcono
Ufuna indlela yokusebenzisana yokuphatha iphrojekthi yakho kangcono?
Thola izifanekiso zamahhala nemibuzo ozoyidlalela imihlangano yakho elandelayo. Bhalisa mahhala futhi uthathe okufunayo kukho AhaSlides!
🚀 Thatha I-akhawunti Yamahhala
Kuyini Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi Nezibonelo?
Amaphrojekthi ayingxenye evamile yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Kungenzeka ukuthi sihlela umshado noma iphathi yosuku lokuzalwa esimangazayo, sihlobisa kabusha indlu, noma silungiselela iphrojekthi yekilasi lesemester eside. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu angashiwo njengokwakha ibhuloho, ukuthutha izakhamuzi, ukukhiqiza imigqa emisha yezindiza, nokunye. Bonke badinga ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi.
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi kuchaza indlela ehlelekile, izindlela, kanye nezinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlela, ukuhlela, ukulawula, nokuhlola amaphrojekthi kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekupheleni. Ihlanganisa inhlobonhlobo yemisebenzi nezinqubo okuhloswe ngazo ukuzuza izinjongo ezithile ngaphakathi kwezingqinamba ezichaziwe njengesikhathi, izindleko, ububanzi, ikhwalithi, nezisetshenziswa.
Kungani Kubalulekile Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi?
Kunzima ukuphika ukubaluleka kokuphatha kumaphrojekthi okusiza yonke iphrojekthi yebhizinisi ukuthi isebenze ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo. Ake sihlole izinzuzo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuphatha iphrojekthi ngempumelelo.
Yonga Isikhathi Nemali
Ukuhleleka okuhle kwephrojekthi kubandakanya ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Abaphathi bephrojekthi bahlola izidingo zephrojekthi, bahlonze izinsiza ezidingekayo, futhi bazabe ngempumelelo. Ngokulinganisa ngokunembile izidingo zensiza nokugwema ukuthengiswa okuphelele noma ukusetshenziswa kancane, abaphathi bephrojekthi bathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, behlisa izindleko ezingadingekile kanye nokulondoloza isikhathi.
Thuthukisa Ukusebenzisana Nokuxhumana
Abaphathi bephrojekthi bachaza futhi bakhulume izindima ezicacile nezibopho kumalungu eqembu. Umuntu ngamunye uyayiqonda imisebenzi yakhe ethile, izinto ezilethwayo, nezindawo zokuziphendulela. Lokhu kucaca kunciphisa ukudideka nokugqagqana, okuvumela amalungu eqembu ukuthi asebenze ndawonye ngokushelela nangempumelelo.
Nciphisa Izingozi Nezinkinga
Amaphrojekthi ngokwemvelo ahilela ubungozi nokungaqiniseki, okuthi, uma kuyekwa kungalawulwa, kungaholela ezinseleleni ezinkulu noma ngisho nokwehluleka. Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi okuhle kugcizelela ukuhlonza ubungozi, ukuhlola, namasu okunciphisa. Ngokulindela nokubhekana nezinkinga ezingase zibe khona kusenesikhathi, abaphathi bephrojekthi banganciphisa umthelela wabo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi amaphrojekthi ahlala esendleleni, noma aze aqedwe ngaphambi kosuku olufunekayo.
Hlola: Wenzani i-Scrum master?
Yiziphi Izigaba Ezintathu Ezibalulekile Zokuphathwa Kwephrojekthi?
Ukuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi kubandakanya izigaba ezintathu: ukuhlela iphrojekthi, ukuhlela amaphrojekthi, nokulawula iphrojekthi. Nansi imininingwane yesigaba ngasinye.
Ukuhlelwa Kwephrojekthi
Ukuphathwa nokuhleleka kwephrojekthi kuqala ngesigaba sokuhlela, lapho kuchazwa khona imigomo, izinjongo, kanye nobubanzi bephrojekthi. Ngalesi sigaba, abaphathi bephrojekthi basebenzisana eduze nababambe iqhaza ukuze baqonde izidingo zabo kanye nalokho abakulindele.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezisetshenziswayo ekuhleleni amaphrojekthi, futhi enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuhlela i-work breakdown structure (WBS). Ichazwa njengenqubo yokuhlukanisa iphrojekthi ibe izingxenye zayo ezincane (noma imisebenzi), ezibe sezihlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezinemininingwane eyengeziwe, futhi ekugcineni zibe isethi yemisebenzi kanye nezindleko zayo ezihlobene.
Related: Umbono wenyoni wenqubo yokuhlela iphrojekthi
Ukuhlela Iphrojekthi
Ukuhlela iphrojekthi kusho inqubo yokulandelana nokwaba isikhathi kuyo yonke imisebenzi yephrojekthi. Kulesi sigaba, abaphathi banquma ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye uzothatha isikhathi esingakanani bese bebala izinsiza ezidingekayo esigabeni ngasinye sokukhiqiza.
Izinjongo zokuhlela iphrojekthi zingafingqwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Ukubonisa ubudlelwano bomsebenzi ngamunye kwabanye kanye nayo yonke iphrojekthi
- Ukunquma ukuhleleka okunengqondo nokuhlobana phakathi kwemisebenzi
- Ukwenza kube lula ukusungulwa kwesikhathi esingokoqobo nezilinganiso zezindleko zomsebenzi ngamunye
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu, imali, nezinsizakusebenza zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele ngokuhlonza izingqinamba ezibalulekile.
Enye indlela edumile yokuhlela iphrojekthi yishadi le-Gantt. Amashadi e-Gantt izindlela ezibiza kancane ezihlose ukusiza abaphathi baqinisekise ukuthi:
- Imisebenzi ihleliwe
- Uhlelo lokusebenza lubhaliwe
- Izilinganiso zesikhathi somsebenzi ziyarekhodwa
- Sisonke isikhathi sephrojekthi siyathuthukiswa.
Related:
Ukulawulwa Kwephrojekthi
Ukulawulwa kwephrojekthi kuchaza ukuphathwa eduze kwezinsiza, izindleko, ikhwalithi, kanye nesabelomali. Ukulawula amaphrojekthi kungaba nzima. Akuwona wonke amaphrojekthi achazwe kahle ekuqaleni, amanye angase angachazwanga kahle. Amaphrojekthi ngokuvamile achazwa kahle kuphela ngemva kokuhlela okuningiliziwe okubanzi nokuchazwa ngokucophelela kokufakwayo okudingekile, izinsiza, izinqubo, kanye nemiphumela.
Ekulawulweni, kunetemu elibizwa nge-Waterfall Methodology elibandakanya indlela elandelanayo lapho iphrojekthi igxila ngendlela yesinyathelo nesinyathelo futhi isigaba ngasinye siqedwa ngaphambi kokudlulela kwesinye. Umphathi wephrojekthi kanye nethimba bagxila ekuhleleni nasekwenzeni isigaba esisodwa ngesikhathi, kulandela ukulandelana okunqunywe kusengaphambili. Uma izithiyo zaziwa, izinguquko zincane ngokwanele ukuthi zingaphathwa ngaphandle kokubuyekeza kakhulu izinhlelo.
Ngokuphambene nendlela ye-Waterfall, Indlela ye-Agile igcizelela ukuhlela okufanayo noma kanyekanye kanye nokwenziwa kwezingxenye zephrojekthi. Kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindlela ze-Agile ezifana I-Scrum ne-Kanban. Esikhundleni sokuqeda isigaba ngasinye ngaphambi kokuqala esilandelayo, amaqembu asebenza ezicini eziningi zephrojekthi ngesikhathi esisodwa, egxile ekuphindaphindeni okuncane noma ekunyusweni kwebhokisi lesikhathi. Kunezindawo zokuhlola eziningi kanye nezihibe zempendulo ukuze ulandelele ukuqhubeka, okungakusekela ukuze wenze ukuhlola kwephrojekthi kamuva.
Hlola: Ukuqaliswa Kwephrojekthi futhi Inqubo Yokuhlola Iphrojekthi
Ayini Amasu Okuphatha Amaphrojekthi: I-PERT ne-CPM
Kokubili Indlela Yokuhlola Nokubuyekeza Uhlelo (PERT) kanye Nendlela Ebalulekile Yendlela (CPM) amasu aziwayo okuphatha amaphrojekthi asetshenziswa ukuhlela nokuhlela imisebenzi, abelana ngokufana ngokwenqubo yonke yezinyathelo eziyisi-6 kanje:
- Chaza imisebenzi yephrojekthi edingekayo ukuze uqedele iphrojekthi futhi ulungise isakhiwo sokuhlukaniswa komsebenzi
- Khomba ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi encike kwabanye futhi usungule ubudlelwano obunengqondo, njengokuthi "qeda-ukuqala" noma "ukuqala-ukuqala".
- Dweba inethiwekhi exhuma yonke imisebenzi ngokusebenzisa amanodi ukumela imisebenzi nemicibisholo ukukhombisa ukugeleza nokuncika phakathi kwayo.
- Linganisa ubude besikhathi somsebenzi ngamunye nezindleko
- Nquma Indlela Ebalulekile (uchungechunge olude kakhulu lwemisebenzi encikile olunquma ubude besikhathi obuncane bephrojekthi)
- Kuwo wonke umsebenzi, inqubekelaphambili ibhekwa ngokuhambisana neshejuli, futhi kwenziwa izinguquko njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphothulwa ngesikhathi.
Yiziphi izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwe-PERT ne-CPM?
Kukhona ukugxeka mayelana ne-PERT ne-CPM ukuthi zibalulekile yini ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi. Nazi izinzuzo nemikhawulo yamasu amabili:
| Izinzuzo | Ukulinganiselwa |
| - Bahlinzeka ngendlela ehlelekile yokuhlela amaphrojekthi, ikakhulukazi amaphrojekthi amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi anemisebenzi eminingi. - Ngokugxila emisebenzini ebalulekile endleleni ebucayi, abaphathi bephrojekthi bangakwazi ukubeka phambili izinsiza nemizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuqedwa kwephrojekthi ngesikhathi. - Baphinde banikeze uhlaka lokuqapha ukuqhubeka kwephrojekthi bese beyiqhathanisa neshejuli ehleliwe. | - Ukuhlonza ngokunembile kanye nokulinganisa lokhu kuncika kungaba inselele - Izilinganiso zesikhathi ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi ngokuvamile zingazicabangela futhi zithonywe izici ezihlukahlukene, eziholela engcupheni yokulinganisa okuchemile kanye nokungalungi okungenzeka kumugqa wesikhathi wephrojekthi. - Kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukuqapha ngokucophelela izindlela eziseduze ezibucayi ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi. Ukunganaki lezi zindlela ezicishe zibe bucayi kungase kudale izingozi ezingokwemvelo futhi kungase kubangele ukubambezeleka okungaba khona noma ukuphazamiseka kuwo wonke umugqa wesikhathi wephrojekthi. |
Kusetshenziswa Isoftware Yokuphatha Iphrojekthi Ukuphatha Amaphrojekthi
Yini engcono kakhulu isoftware management program ? Kunezinketho eziningi zezinkampani zokuphatha amaphrojekthi. Ngokuya ngesilinganiso sephrojekthi, abaphathi banganquma ukusebenzisa izindlela okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla ukuze baphathe amaphrojekthi amancane noma bafake isoftware ekhethekile yokuphatha amaphrojekthi kumaphrojekthi amakhulu futhi ayinkimbinkimbi.
Kuyafaneleka ukwethula Iphrojekthi ye-Microsoft, enye yesofthiwe ekhethekile eyaziwa kakhulu, ewusizo kakhulu ekudwebeni amanethiwekhi ephrojekthi, ukuhlonza uhlelo lwephrojekthi, nokuphatha izindleko zephrojekthi nezinye izinsiza kanye nokuhlola iphrojekthi. Nawe ungakwazi cabangela ezinye izindlela zayo njenge-Asana, Trello, Jira, ne-Basecamp software yokuphatha iphrojekthi. Wonke ayisofthiwe yokuphatha iphrojekthi ekhokhelwayo enesivivinyo samahhala sezici eziningi ezithuthukile ezingakusiza ukuthi uphathe amaphrojekthi akho namaqembu ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.
Related: Amathiphu ayi-10 Okusebenzisa Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi Ye-Asana Ngokuphumelelayo Ngo-2024 or I-Microsoft Project Alternatives
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
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Ezinye izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezindlela zokuphatha iphrojekthi zihlanganisa: Impophoma, i-Agile, iScrum, kanye nendlela ye-Kanban.
Izigaba ezintathu ezithintekayo ekuphathweni kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu...
Ukuhlela indlela yokuqalisa iphrojekthi, inqubo yokuhlela enomugqa wesikhathi nokuphathwa kokwenziwa.
Umugqa Ongezansi
Njengoba sibona, kubalulekile ukuthi inkampani ngayinye itshale imali ekuthuthukiseni amakhono okuphatha amaphrojekthi. Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi okuphumelelayo akukwazi ukuntula abaphathi bephrojekthi abanobuhlakani kanye nethimba elisebenza kahle. Ziningi izifundo eziqinisekisiwe kanye nokuqeqeshwa kungasiza abafundi ukuthi bathole ulwazi olujulile noluwusizo mayelana nokuphathwa kwephrojekthi. Uma uzethemba futhi uzilungiselele kahle ngokwanele, kungani ungathathi inselelo kuyo SME, isitifiketi sokuphathwa kwephrojekthi esiziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, esihlanganisa imiqondo yendabuko, edala, neyingxubevange.
Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukonga imali, ukuthatha izifundo zamahhala zokuphatha iphrojekthi ye-Coursera nakho kuwumbono omuhle. Kwa-Hr-ers, ukusebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa okwenziwe ngendlela oyifisayo nakho kungaholela emiphumeleni engcono. Ungakwazi ukuklama izifundo ezihehayo nge AhaSlides isethulo ithuluzi, lapho ungathola khona izifanekiso eziningi zamahhala ezingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo zemibuzo esebenzisanayo nemidlalo kanye nemiphumela ehlukile yesethulo.
Umsebenzi ocashuniwe: Render, Barry, Heizer, Jay, Munson, Chuck. (2017). Ukuphathwa Kokusebenza : Ukusimama futhi Ukuphatha ukuhlinzeka 12 kwe. U-Ed. (12 th. Ed.).
Ref: Ukubambisana | M. Library