Zochita 7 Zoyeserera Zogwira Ntchito Zophunzirira Bwino M'kalasi mu 2025

Ntchito zowunikira mwachidwi zimatengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamaphunziro chifukwa cholimbikitsa ophunzira komanso zotsatira zake pakuphunzira-kuphunzitsa. Zochita izi zimathandiza alangizi kulandira mayankho kuti amvetsetse zofooka zawo, komanso luso lamakono, kuti apange masitepe otsatirawa m'kalasi. 

Mu positi iyi, ndikugawana ntchito zisanu ndi ziwiri zowunikira zomwe zasintha kalasi yanga komanso za aphunzitsi omwe ndimagwira nawo ntchito. Awa si malingaliro ongoyerekeza ochokera m'buku - ndi njira zoyesedwa ndi nkhondo zomwe zathandiza ophunzira masauzande ambiri kumva kuwonedwa, kumvetsetsedwa, ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu paulendo wawo wophunzira.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

Kodi Ndi Chiyani Chimene Chimapangitsa Kuyesa Kwachidule Kukhala Kofunikira mu 2025?

Kuwunika kwachidziwitso ndi njira yomwe ikupitilira kusonkhanitsa umboni wokhudzana ndi maphunziro a ophunzira panthawi yophunzitsidwa kuti apange kusintha komwe kumapangitsa kuti maphunziro apindule ndi maphunziro. Malinga ndi Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), kuwunika kochita bwino ndi "ndondomeko yokonzekera, yopitilirapo yomwe ophunzira onse ndi aphunzitsi amagwiritsa ntchito panthawi yophunzira ndi kuphunzitsa kuti apeze ndikugwiritsa ntchito umboni wa kuphunzira kwa ophunzira kuti amvetsetse bwino zomwe ophunzira amaphunzira komanso kuthandiza ophunzira kukhala ophunzira odziwongolera okha." Mosiyana ndi kuunika kwachidule komwe kumayesa kuphunzira pambuyo pomaliza, kuwunika kokhazikika kumachitika panthawiyi, kulola aphunzitsi kuti azizungulira, kuphunzitsanso, kapena kufulumizitsa kutengera zomwe zidachitika nthawi yeniyeni.

Maonekedwe a maphunziro asintha kwambiri kuyambira pomwe ndidalowa mkalasi mu 2015. Takhala tikuyenda pamaphunziro akutali, kutengera umisiri watsopano, ndikutanthauziranso momwe kukhalira limodzi kumawonekera m'dziko lathu lomwe lachitika mliri. Komabe kufunika komvetsetsa ulendo wa ophunzira athu sikunasinthe—ngati kuli kofunikira, kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale.

The Research Behind Formative Assessment

Kafukufuku woyambira pakuwunika koyambira, kuyambira kuwunikanso kwamphamvu kwa Black ndi Wiliam mu 1998 pamaphunziro opitilira 250, nthawi zonse kukuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino pakupambana kwa ophunzira. Kafukufuku wawo adapeza miyeso yoyambira pa 0.4 mpaka 0.7 yopatuka, yofanana ndi kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a ophunzira pofika miyezi 12-18. Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwa meta, kuphatikiza kuwunika kwa Hattie kwa 12 meta-kuwunika kwa mayankho m'makalasi, adatsimikiza kuti pansi pamikhalidwe yoyenera, mayankho pamachitidwe opangira amatha kuthandizira kwambiri pakupambana kwa ophunzira, ndikukula kwapakati pa 0.73.

Bungwe la Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) lapeza kuwunika kochita bwino ngati "imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zolimbikitsira maphunziro apamwamba m'masukulu," ponena kuti kupindula komwe kumabwera chifukwa chowunika ndi "kwapamwamba kwambiri". Komabe, bungwe la OECD likunenanso kuti ngakhale zili zopindulitsa izi, kuunika kochita bwino “sikunachitikebe mwadongosolo” m’madongosolo ambiri a maphunziro.

Chinsinsi chagona pakupanga njira yobwereza pomwe:

• Ophunzira amalandira mayankho achangu, achindunji za kumvetsetsa kwawo
• Aphunzitsi amasintha malangizo kutengera umboni wa kuphunzira kwa ophunzira
• Mfundo zimakhala zowonekera kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe
• Ophunzira amakulitsa luso la kuzindikira ndi kukhala ophunzira odzitsogolera okha

Ntchito 7 Zowunika Zolimbikitsa Kwambiri Zomwe Zimasintha Maphunziro

1. Mafunso Ofulumira Okonzekera

Iwalani mafunso a pop omwe amayambitsa mantha. Mafunso ofulumira (mafunso 3-5, mphindi 5-7) amakhala ngati njira zophunzirira zomwe zimakudziwitsani mayendedwe anu otsatira.

Zomangamanga:

• Ganizirani pa mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri pa mafunso
• Phatikizani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafunso: zosankha zingapo, yankho lalifupi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
• Apange kukhala otsika: mtengo wocheperako kapena wosakwezedwa
• Perekani ndemanga mwamsanga kudzera mu zokambirana za mayankho

Mafunso anzeru:

• "Tafotokozerani mfundo imeneyi kwa mwana wa giredi 5"
• "Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani tikasintha kusinthaku?"
• "Lumikizani zomwe tikuphunzira lero ku zomwe tidaphunzira sabata yatha"
• "Chikusokonezabe ndi chiyani pamutuwu?"

Zida zama digito zomwe zimagwira ntchito:

• Kahoot pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi
• AhaSlides pazotsatira zoyenda komanso zenizeni zenizeni
• Google Forms kuti mumve zambiri

2. Strategic Exit Tickets: The 3-2-1 Power Play

Matikiti otuluka sikuti amangosunga m'nyumba - ndi migodi yagolide yophunzirira zambiri ikapangidwa mwaluso. Ndimakonda mtundu wanga ndi 3-2-1 kusinkhasinkha:

• Zinthu 3 zomwe mwaphunzira lero
• Mafunso 2 omwe mukadali nawo
• Njira imodzi yomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito chidziwitsochi

Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito Pro:

• Gwiritsani ntchito zida za digito monga Google Forms kapena Padlet posonkhanitsa deta pompopompo
• Pangani matikiti otuluka osiyanitsidwa kutengera zolinga zamaphunziro
• Sanjani mayankho m'milu itatu: "Ndamva," "Kufika kumeneko," ndi "Mukufunika thandizo"
• Gwiritsani ntchito zomwe mwapeza pokonzekera zotsegulira zatsiku lotsatira

Chitsanzo chenicheni cha kalasi: Nditaphunzitsa photosynthesis, ndidagwiritsa ntchito matikiti otuluka kuti ndipeze kuti 60% ya ophunzira adasokonezabe ma chloroplast ndi mitochondria. Tsiku lotsatira, ndinayamba ndi ntchito yofananitsa yofulumira m'malo mosunthira kupuma kwa ma cell monga momwe ndinakonzera.

3. Interactive Polling

Kuvotera kwanthawi zonse kumasintha omvera osalankhula kukhala otengapo mbali kwinaku akukupatsani zidziwitso zenizeni za kumvetsetsa kwa ophunzira. Koma matsenga mulibe m'chida - ali m'mafunso omwe mumafunsa.

Mafunso okhudza kuvota kwakukulu:

• Kumvetsetsa kwamalingaliro: "Ndi iti mwa izi ikufotokoza bwino chifukwa chake ..."
• ntchito: "Ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro ili kuthetsa ..."
• Metacognitive: "Muli otsimikiza bwanji pakutha kwanu ..."
• Kufufuza molakwika: "Chingachitike ndi chiyani ngati ..."

Njira yokwaniritsira:

• Gwiritsani ntchito zida ngati AhaSlides pakuvota kosavuta
• Funsani mafunso 2-3 pa phunziro lililonse, osati kungosangalatsa chabe
• Onetsani zotsatira kuti muyambitse zokambirana zamakalasi pamalingaliro
• Tsatirani ndi "Chifukwa chiyani mwasankha yankho limenelo?" zokambirana

4. Gawani-Gawani-Awiri 2.0

The classic think-pair-share imapeza kukweza kwamakono ndi kuyankha kokhazikika. Umu ndi momwe mungakulitsire kuthekera kwake kowunika:

Njira yowonjezera:

1. Ganizirani (2 mphindi): Ophunzira amalemba malingaliro awo oyamba
2. Awiri (3 mphindi): Othandizana nawo amagawana ndikumanga malingaliro
3. Gawani (mphindi 5): Awiriwa akupereka malingaliro abwino kwa kalasi
4. Kulingalira (1 miniti): Kulingalira payekhapayekha momwe kuganiza kunasinthira

Kuyesa:

• Yang'anani kwa ophunzira omwe amadalira kwambiri anzawo ndi kupereka nawo mofanana
• Muzizungulira pokambirana kuti mumvetsere zomwe anthu ena amaganiza
• Gwiritsani ntchito pepala losavuta lolondolera kuti muzindikire zomwe ophunzira amavutikira kufotokoza malingaliro awo
• Mvetserani kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ndi kulumikizana kwamalingaliro

5. Malo Ophunzirira

Sinthani makoma a kalasi yanu kukhala malo ophunzirira komwe ophunzira amawonetsa malingaliro awo m'maso. Ntchitoyi imagwira ntchito m'magawo onse a maphunziro ndipo imapereka deta yochuluka yowunika.

Mawonekedwe a Gallery:

• Mapu amalingaliro: Ophunzira amapanga zithunzi zowonetsera momwe malingaliro amagwirizanirana
• Maulendo othetsa mavuto: Zolemba pang'onopang'ono za njira zoganiza
• Malo olosera: Ophunzira amaika maulosi, kenako amabwereranso pambuyo pophunzira
• Ma board owunikira: Mayankho owoneka pazidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito zojambula, mawu, kapena zonse ziwiri

Njira yowunika:

• Gwiritsani ntchito makanema ojambula pamakambirano anzanu pogwiritsa ntchito ma protocol apadera
• Jambulani zithunzi za ntchito za ophunzira zamaluso a digito
• Onani malingaliro olakwika pazambiri za ophunzira zambiri
• Auzeni ophunzira kuti afotokoze malingaliro awo panthawi yowonetsera zithunzi

6. Njira Zokambirana Zogwirizana

Kukambitsirana kwatanthauzo kwa m’kalasi sikungochitika mwangozi—imafuna zomangira mwadala zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuganiza kwa ophunzira kuwonekere pamene akusunga chinkhoswe.

Protocol ya Fishbowl:

• Ophunzira 4-5 amakambirana mutu womwe uli pakati
• Ophunzira otsala amayang'ana ndikulemba zolemba pa zokambirana
• Owonerera akhoza "kulowa" kuti alowe m'malo mwa wokambirana
• Debrief imayang'ana pa zonse zomwe zili ndi zokambirana

Kuwunika kwa Jigsaw:

• Ophunzira amakhala akatswiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za mutu
• Magulu a akatswiri amakumana kuti akulitse kumvetsetsa
• Ophunzira amabwerera m’magulu a kwawo kukaphunzitsa ena
• Kuwunika kumachitika kudzera muzowunikira zophunzitsira ndi zowunikira

Seminara ya Socratic kuphatikiza:

• Seminara yachikhalidwe ya Socratic yokhala ndi gawo lowonjezera lowunika
• Ophunzira amatsata kutenga nawo mbali kwawo komanso kusinthika kwamalingaliro
• Phatikizanipo mafunso olingalira za mmene kaganizidwe kawo kanasinthira
• Gwiritsani ntchito mapepala owonetsetsa kuti muzindikire zochitika zomwe zikuchitika

7. Zida Zodziyesera Zokha

Kuphunzitsa ophunzira kuti aziwunika momwe amaphunzirira okha ndiyo njira yamphamvu kwambiri yowunikira. Ophunzira akatha kuyesa kumvetsetsa kwawo molondola, amakhala ogwirizana nawo pamaphunziro awo.

Zolinga zodziyesa:

1. Ma tracker opitilira maphunziro:

• Ophunzira amawerengera kumvetsetsa kwawo pa sikelo ndi zofotokozera zenizeni
• Phatikizani umboni wofunikira pamlingo uliwonse
• Kuwunika pafupipafupi pamayunitsi
• Kukhazikitsa zolinga potengera kumvetsetsa kwapano

2. Zowonera:

• Zolemba za mlungu ndi mlungu zofotokoza zopindula ndi zovuta
• Malangizo enieni okhudzana ndi zolinga za maphunziro
• Kugawana nzeru ndi njira za anzawo
• Ndemanga za aphunzitsi pakukula kwa metacognitive

3. Ndondomeko zowunikira zolakwika:

• Ophunzira amasanthula zolakwa zawo pazantchito
• Gawani zolakwa ndi mtundu (zamalingaliro, machitidwe, osasamala)
• Pangani njira zanu zopewera zolakwika zomwezo
• Gawani njira zopewera zolakwika ndi anzanu

Kupanga Njira Yanu Yoyeserera

Yambani pang'ono, ganizani zazikulu - Osayesa kukhazikitsa njira zisanu ndi ziwiri zonse nthawi imodzi. Sankhani 2-3 yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kaphunzitsidwe kanu ndi zosowa za ophunzira. Dziwani izi musanawonjezere zina.

Ubwino pa kuchuluka - Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yowunika bwino kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zisanu molakwika. Yang'anani pakupanga mafunso apamwamba ndi zochitika zomwe zimawululiradi malingaliro a ophunzira.

Tsekani kuzungulira - Gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika koyambira si kusonkhanitsa deta-ndi zomwe mumachita ndi chidziwitsocho. Nthawi zonse khalani ndi dongosolo la momwe mungasinthire malangizo kutengera zomwe mwaphunzira.

Chitani chizolowezi - Kuwunika kwachidziwitso kuyenera kukhala kwachilengedwe, osati ngati cholemetsa chowonjezera. Pangani izi mumayendedwe anu anthawi zonse kuti zikhale gawo lophunzirira.

Zida Zaukadaulo Zomwe Zimakulitsa (Zosavutitsa) Kuwunika Kwachidziwitso

Zida zaulere pakalasi iliyonse:

• AhaSlides: Zosiyanasiyana pakufufuza, mafunso, ndi malingaliro
• Padlet: Zabwino kwambiri pakukambirana m'maganizo ndikugawana malingaliro
• Mentimeter: Zabwino kwambiri povotera amoyo komanso mitambo yamawu
• Flipgrid: Zabwino pamayankho amakanema komanso mayankho a anzawo
• Kahoot: Itha kukumbukiridwanso ndikukumbukira zochitika

Zida za Premium zomwe muyenera kuziganizira:

• Socrative: Mayeso athunthu okhala ndi zidziwitso zenizeni zenizeni
• Peyala Deck: Makanema olumikizana ndi ma slide okhala ndi kuwunika kozama
• Nearpod: Maphunziro ozama omwe ali ndi ntchito zowunikira zokhazikika
• Quizizz: Kuwunika kosinthidwa ndi kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane

Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri: Kupanga Mphindi Iliyonse Kuwerengera

Kuwunika mwachidwi sikungokhudza kuchita zambiri-komanso kukhala dala ndi mayanjano omwe muli nawo kale ndi ophunzira. Ndi za kusintha nthawi zotayazo kukhala mwayi wozindikira, kulumikizana, ndi kukula.

Mukamvetsetsa bwino komwe ophunzira anu ali paulendo wawo wophunzirira, mutha kukumana nawo ndendende pomwe ali ndikuwatsogolera komwe akuyenera kupita. Kumeneko si kuphunzitsa kwabwino kokha—ndizo luso ndi sayansi ya maphunziro yogwirira ntchito limodzi kuti atsegule zimene wophunzira aliyense angathe kuchita.

Yambani mawa. Sankhani njira imodzi pamndandandawu. Yesani kwa sabata. Sinthani malinga ndi zomwe mwaphunzira. Kenaka yikani ina. Musanadziwe, mukhala mutasintha kalasi yanu kukhala malo omwe kuphunzira kumawonekera, kuyamikiridwa, ndikusintha mosalekeza.

Ophunzira omwe akukhala m'kalasi mwanu lero sakuyenera kucheperapo kuposa khama lanu kuti mumvetsetse ndikuthandizira maphunziro awo. Kuwunika kopanga ndi momwe mumapangira kuti izi zichitike, mphindi imodzi, funso limodzi, kuzindikira kumodzi panthawi.

Zothandizira

Bennett, RE (2011). Kuwunika kochita bwino: Kuwunika kofunikira. Kuunika mu Maphunziro: Mfundo Mfundo, Ndondomeko & Zochita, 18(1), 5-25.

Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Kuwunika ndi kuphunzira m'kalasi. Kuunika mu Maphunziro: Mfundo Mfundo, Ndondomeko & Zochita, 5(1), 7-74.

Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Kukulitsa chiphunzitso cha kawunidwe kachitidwe. Kuunika kwa Maphunziro, Kuunika ndi Kuyankha, 21(1), 5-31.

Council of Chief State School Officers. (2018). Kuwunikiranso tanthauzo la kawunidwe koyenera. Washington, DC: CCSSO.

Fuchs, LS, & Fuchs, D. (1986). Zotsatira za kuwunika mwadongosolo: kusanthula meta. Ana Apadera, 53(3), 199-208.

Graham, S., Hebert, M., & Harris, KR (2015). Kuwunika kozama ndi kulemba: meta-analysis. The Elementary School Journal, 115(4), 523-547.

Hattie, J. (2009). Kuphunzira kowoneka: Kuphatikizika kwa zowunikira zopitilira 800 zokhudzana ndi kupindula. London: Routledge.

Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). Mphamvu ya mayankho. Ndemanga ya Kafukufuku wa Maphunziro, 77(1), 81-112.

Kingston, N., & Nash, B. (2011). Kuwunika kochita bwino: kusanthula meta ndi kuyitanira kafukufuku. Muyeso wa Maphunziro: Nkhani ndi Zochita, 30(4), 28-37.

Klute, M., Apthorp, H., Harlacher, J., & Reale, M. (2017). Kuwunika kochita bwino komanso kupindula kwamaphunziro asukulu ya pulayimale: kuwunikanso umboni (REL 2017-259). Washington, DC: Dipatimenti Yophunzitsa ku US, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation ndi Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Central.

OECD. (2005). Kuunika kochita bwino: Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro m'makalasi akusekondale. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Wiliam, D. (2010). Chidule chophatikizika cha zolembedwa zofufuzira ndi zotsatira za chiphunzitso chatsopano cha kawunidwe kachitidwe. Mu HL Andrade & GJ Cizek (Eds.), Handbook offormative assessment ( tsamba 18-40 ). New York: Routledge.

Wiliam, D., & Thompson, M. (2008). Kuphatikiza kuwunika ndi kuphunzira: zingatenge chiyani kuti zitheke? Mu CA Dwyer (Mkonzi.), Tsogolo la kuwunika: Kupanga kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzira ( tsamba 53-82 ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.