Zviitwa zvekuongorora zvekugadzira zvinoonekwa sechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvedzidzo nekuda kwekukurudzira kwavo kuvadzidzi uye nemhedzisiro yavo padanho rekudzidzisa. Zviitiko izvi zvinobatsira varairidzi kugamuchira mhinduro yekuzvinzwisisa pachedu, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwazvino, kukudziridza matanho anotevera mukirasi.
Muchinyorwa chino, ndiri kugovera zviitwa zvekuongorora zvinomwe zvakasandura kirasi yangu neyevadzidzisi vandinoshanda navo. Aya haasi efungidziro kubva mubhuku-ndidzo nzira dzakaedzwa nehondo dzakabatsira zviuru zvevadzidzi kunzwa vachionekwa, kunzwisiswa, uye kupihwa simba murwendo rwavo rwekudzidza.
Zviri Mukati
Chii Chinoita Kuti Formative Assessment Yakakosha muna 2025?
Ongororo yekugadzira inzira inoenderera mberi yekuunganidza humbowo pamusoro pekudzidza kwemudzidzi panguva yekuraira kuita gadziridzo nekukurumidza dzinovandudza zvese dzidziso nekudzidza. Maererano neDare reVakuru veChikoro cheHurumende (CCSSO), kuongorora kwekudzidzira "irongwa, rinoramba riripo rinoshandiswa nevadzidzi vose nevadzidzisi panguva yekudzidza nekudzidzisa kutsvaga uye kushandisa umboo hwekudzidza kwevadzidzi kuvandudza kunzwisisa kwevadzidzi kune chinangwa chekudzidza chirango uye kutsigira vadzidzi kuti vave vadzidzi vanozvitungamirira." Kusiyana nekuongorora kupfupika kunoongorora kudzidza mushure mekuraira kwapera, ongororo yekugadzira inoitika panguva ino, ichibvumira vadzidzisi kutenderera, kudzidzisazve, kana kumhanyisa zvichibva pane-chaiyo-nguva data.
Mamiriro edzidzo achinja zvikuru kubva pandakatanga kupinda mukirasi muna 2015. Takafamba tichidzidza tiri kure, takambundikira matekinoroji matsva, uye tikatsanangura patsva kuti kubatikana kunotaridzika sei munyika yedu mushure medenda. Zvakadaro kukosha kwakakosha kwekunzwisisa rwendo rwekudzidza kwevadzidzi vedu kunoramba kusati kwachinja-kana paine chinhu, zvave zvakanyanya kukosha kupfuura nakare kose.
Tsvagiridzo Yekuseri kweKuongorora Kwekuita
Tsvakiridzo yehwaro pakuongorora kwemaitiro, kutanga neongororo yakaitwa naBlack naWiliam muna 1998 yezvidzidzo zvinopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, inogara ichiratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka pakubudirira kwemudzidzi. Tsvagiridzo yavo yakawana masaizi ekuita kubva pa 250 kusvika 0.4 kutsauka kwakajairwa-zvakaenzana nekusimudzira kudzidza kwevadzidzi nemwedzi gumi nemaviri-0.7. Kuongorora kwazvino kuchangobva kuitika, kusanganisira kuongorora kwaHattie kwegumi nembiri meta-analyse pamusoro pemhinduro mukirasi, yakagumisa kuti pasi pemamiriro akakodzera, mhinduro muchimiro chechimiro inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya mukubudirira kwevadzidzi, neavhareji mhedzisiro saizi ye12.
Sangano reOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) rakaona ongororo yekudzidzira se "imwe yenzira dzinoshanda dzekusimudzira kuita kwepamusoro muzvikoro," ichicherekedza kuti budiriro inopiwa nekuongorora kwemaitiro "yakanyanya kukwirira". Zvakadaro, OECD inocherekedzawo kuti zvisinei nemabhenefiti aya, ongororo yekugadzira “haisati yaitwa zvakarongeka” muhurongwa hwakawanda hwedzidzo.
Chinokosha chiri mukugadzira mhinduro yemhinduro apo:
- Vadzidzi vanogamuchira pakarepo, mhinduro chaiyo pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwavo
- Vadzidzisi vanogadzirisa murayiridzo zvichibva pauchapupu hwekudzidza kwemudzidzi
- Kudzidza kunooneka kuvadzidzisi nevadzidzi
- Vadzidzi vanokudziridza hunyanzvi hwemetacognitive uye vave vadzidzi vanozvitungamirira
7 High-Impact Formative Ongororo Mabasa Anoshandura Kudzidza
1. Quick Formative Quizzes
Kanganwa mibvunzo yepop inokonzera kutya. Kurumidza kuumba Quizzes (3-5 mibvunzo, 5-7 maminetsi) anoshanda sekudzidza diagnostics inozivisa yako inotevera yekuraira mafambiro.
Dhizaini nheyo:
- Tarisa pane imwe pfungwa inokosha per quiz
- Sanganisira musanganiswa wemhando dzemibvunzo: sarudzo dzakawanda, mhinduro pfupi, uye kushandisa
- Ita kuti zvive zvishoma: akakosha mapoinzi mashoma kana asina kukwidziridzwa
- Ipa mhinduro nekukurumidza kuburikidza nehurukuro dzemhinduro
Smart mibvunzo mibvunzo:
- "Tsanangurira pfungwa iyi kumwana wegiredhi rechishanu"
- "Chii chingaitika kana tikachinja shanduko iyi?"
- "Batanidza kudzidza kwanhasi kune zvatakadzidza svondo rapfuura"
- "Chii chirikunetsa panyaya iyi?"
Digital zvishandiso zvinoshanda:
- Kahoot ye gamified engagement
- AhaSlides yekuzvipa-paced uye chaiyo-nguva mhedzisiro
- Mafomu eGoogle emhinduro dzakadzama
2. Strategic Exit Tickets: The 3-2-1 Power Play
Matikiti ekubuda haasi ekupedzisira-e-kirasi kuchengetedza imba - iwo migodhi yegoridhe yekudzidza data kana akagadzirwa zvine hungwaru. Yandinofarira fomati ndeye 3-2-1 kufungisisa:
- 3 zvinhu zvawadzidza nhasi
- 2 mibvunzo uchinayo
- 1 nzira yaunoshandisa ruzivo urwu
Pro implementtTips:
- Shandisa maturusi edhijitari seGoogle Mafomu kana Padlet yekuunganidza data ipapo
- Gadzira matikiti ekubuda akasiyana zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvekudzidza
- Rongedza mhinduro kuita mirwi mitatu: "Ndazvibata," "Kusvika ikoko," uye "Unoda rutsigiro"
- Shandisa iyo data kuronga zviitiko zvako zvekuvhura kwezuva rinotevera
Muenzaniso wekirasi chaiyo: Mushure mekudzidzisa photosynthesis, ndakashandisa matikiti ekubuda kuti ndione kuti 60% yevadzidzi vachiri kuvhiringa machloroplast ane mitochondria. Zuva rakatevera, ndakatanga nekukurumidza kuona kuenzanisa chiitiko pane kutamira kune cellular kufema sezvakarongwa.
3. Interactive Polling
Interactive polling inoshandura vateereri vasingaite vatori vechikamu vanobatika uku ichikupa ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo mukunzwisisa kwevadzidzi. Asi mashiripiti haasi muchishandiso — ari mumibvunzo yaunobvunza.
Mibvunzo yesarudzo yepamusoro-soro:
- Conceptual kunzwisisa: "Ndeipi yeizvi inotsanangura zvakanyanya kuti sei ..."
- Application: "Kana iwe waizoshandisa pfungwa iyi kugadzirisa ..."
- Metacognitive: "Une chivimbo sei mukukwanisa kwako ..."
- Misconception inotarisa: "Chii chingaitika kana ..."
Implementation strategy:
- Shandisa maturusi akaita seAhaSlides kuita nyore kuvhota
- Bvunza 2-3 mibvunzo yehungwaru pachidzidzo chimwe nechimwe, kwete kungonakidzwa nhando
- Ratidza mhinduro kuti umutse nhaurirano dzekirasi pamusoro pekufunga
- Tevedzera ne "Sei wakasarudza mhinduro iyoyo?" hurukuro
4. Funga-Paviri-Govera 2.0
The classic think-pair-share inowana kukwidziridzwa kwemazuva ano nekuzvidavirira kwakarongeka. Heano maitiro ekuwedzera ayo ekugadzira yekuongorora kugona:
Enhanced process:
- Funga (2 maminitsi): Vadzidzi vanonyora pfungwa dzavo dzekutanga
- Vaviri (3 maminitsi): Vashandi vanogovana uye vanovaka pamusoro pemazano
- Govera (5 maminitsi): Vaviri vanopa kufunga kwakanatswa kukirasi
- Fungisisa (1 miniti): Kufungisisa kwega kwega kuti kufunga kwakashanduka sei
Kuongorora:
- Tarisa vadzidzi vanovimba zvakanyanya nevadyidzani maringe nekupa zvakaenzana
- Tenderedzwa panhaurirano dzevaviri kuti unzwe pfungwa dzisiridzo
- Shandisa pepa rekutevera riri nyore kuona kuti ndedzipi vadzidzi vanonetsekana kutaura pfungwa
- Teerera kushandiswa kwemazwi uye hukama hwepfungwa
5. Dzidziso Galleries
Shandura madziro ekirasi yako kuita magaraji ekudzidza uko vadzidzi vanoratidza kufunga kwavo nemeso. Ichi chiitiko chinoshanda munzvimbo dzese dzezvidzidzo uye chinopa ruzivo rwakapfuma rwekuongorora.
Mafomati eGarari:
- Mamepu epfungwa: Vadzidzi vanogadzira mifananidzo inooneka yekuti pfungwa dzinobatana sei
- Nzendo dzekugadzirisa matambudziko: Nhanho-nhanho zvinyorwa zvemaitiro ekufunga
- Prediction galleries: Vadzidzi vanotumira fungidziro, vozodzokazve mushure mekudzidza
- Reflection boards: Mhinduro dzekuona kune zvirevo uchishandisa mifananidzo, mazwi, kana zvese
Assessment strategy:
- Shandisa magaraji ekufambisa kwevezera ravo uchishandisa maprotocol
- Tora mapikicha ebasa remudzidzi wedhijitari portfolio
- Ziva mapatani mune zvisiri izvo pane akawanda evadzidzi artifact
- Itai kuti vadzidzi vatsanangure mafungiro avo panguva yemifananidzo yegalari
6. Kudyidzana Kukurukurirana Protocols
Hurukuro dzekirasi dzine chinangwa hazviitike netsaona-zvinoda zvimiro zvineune zvinoita kuti kufunga kwemudzidzi kuonekwe pavanenge vachiramba vachibatikana.
Iyo Fishbowl protocol:
- Vadzidzi 4-5 vanokurukura musoro uri pakati pedenderedzwa
- Vadzidzi vasara vanocherechedza uye vanonyora manotsi pahurukuro
- Vacherechedzi vanogona "kubaya" kutsiva mukurukuri
- Debrief inotarisa pane zvese zvirimo uye nhaurirano mhando
Iyo Jigsaw ongororo:
- Vadzidzi vanova nyanzvi pazvikamu zvakasiyana zvechinyorwa
- Mapoka enyanzvi anosangana kuti awedzere kunzwisisa
- Vadzidzi vanodzokera kumapoka epamba kunodzidzisa vamwe
- Kuongorora kunoitika kuburikidza nedzidziso yekucherechedza uye kubuda kwekufungidzira
Socratic seminar plus:
- Traditional Socratic seminar ine yakawedzerwa yekuongorora layer
- Vadzidzi vanoongorora ivo pachavo kutora chikamu uye kufunga shanduko
- Sanganisira mibvunzo yekufungisisa nezvekuti mafungiro avo akachinja sei
- Shandisa mapepa ekucherechedza kuti uone maitiro ekubatanidzwa
7. Zvishandiso zvekuzviongorora
Kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti vaongorore kudzidza kwavo pachezvavo pamwe ndiyo yakanyanya simba yekuumba nzira yekuongorora. Kana vadzidzi vakanyatso ongorora manzwisisiro avo, vanova vadyidzani muzvidzidzo zvavo.
Kuzviongorora zvimiro:
1. Kudzidza kufambira mberi trackers:
- Vadzidzi vanoyera manzwisisiro avo pachiyero chine tsanangudzo dzakananga
- Batanidza humbowo zvinodiwa padanho rega rega
- Nguva dzose kutarisa-mukati mukati mezvikamu
- Kuisa chinangwa kunobva pakunzwisisa kwazvino
2. Reflection magazini:
- Zvinyorwa zvevhiki nevhiki zvinogadzirisa zvidzidzo uye matambudziko
- Kurudziro dzakananga dzakasungirirwa kune zvinangwa zvekudzidza
- Kugovana mazano nevezera rako
- Mhinduro yemudzidzisi pakukura kwemetacognitive
3. Mhosho dzekuongorora maprotocol:
- Vadzidzi vanoongorora zvikanganiso zvavo pachavo pamabasa
- Rongedza zvikanganiso nemhando (conceptual, procedural, careless)
- Ita mazano ega ega ekudzivisa kukanganisa kwakafanana
- Goverana nevezera rako mazano anoshanda ekudzivirira kukanganisa
Kugadzira Yako Yekuita Yekuongorora Strategy
Tanga zvishoma, funga zvikuru - Usaedze kushandisa mazano manomwe ese kamwechete. Sarudza 2-3 inoenderana nemaitiro ako ekudzidzisa uye zvinodiwa nemudzidzi. Tenzi izvi usati wawedzera zvimwe.
Hunhu pamusoro pehuwandu -Zviri nani kushandisa nzira imwe yekuongorora zvakanaka pane kushandisa nzira shanu zvisina kunaka. Tarisa pakugadzira mibvunzo yemhando yepamusoro uye zviitwa zvinonyatsoratidza kufunga kwevadzidzi.
Vhara loop - Chikamu chinonyanya kukosha chekuongorora kwekugadzirisa hakusi kuunganidza data-ndizvo zvaunoita nemashoko. Gara uine hurongwa hwekuti unogadzirisa sei kuraira zvichibva pane zvaunodzidza.
Ita muitiro -Kuongorora kwekugadzira kunofanirwa kunzwa kwakasikwa, kwete semutoro wekuwedzera. Vaka zviitwa izvi mukuyerera kwechidzidzo chako chenguva dzose kuti zvive zvikamu zvisina musono zvekudzidza.
Zvishandiso zveTekinoroji Zvinosimudzira (Zvisina Kuomesera) Formative Assessment
Zvishandiso zvemahara zvekirasi yega yega:
- AhaSlides: Yakasiyana-siyana yeongororo, quizzes, uye kutarisisa
- Padlet: Yakanakira kubatirana pfungwa nekugovana pfungwa
- Mentimeter: Yakanakira kuvhota mhenyu uye makore emazwi
- Flipgrid: Yakakwana kumhinduro dzevhidhiyo uye mhinduro dzevezera
- Kahoot: Kuita zvekuongorora uye kurangarira zviitiko
Zvishandiso zvePrimiyamu zvakakosha kufunga:
- Socrative: Comprehensive assessment suite ine chaiyo-nguva zviono
- Pear Deck: Interactive masiraidhi mharidzo ine maitiro ekuongorora
- Nearpod: Zvidzidzo zvinonyudza zvine zviitwa zvekuongorora zvakavakwa
- Quizizz: Gamified ongororo ine akadzama analytics
Pazasi Mutsara: Kuita Nguva Yese Iverenge
Kuongorora kwekuita hakusi kwekuita zvakawanda - ndezvekunyanya kuva nemaune nekudyidzana kwaunotova nevadzidzi. Ndezve kushandura idzo nguva dzekurasa kuita mikana yekunzwisisa, kubatana, uye kukura.
Kana iwe uchinyatsonzwisisa kuti vadzidzi vako varipi murwendo rwavo rwekudzidza, unogona kusangana navo chaizvo pavari uye nekuvatungamira kwavanoda kuenda. Hakusi kudzidzisa kwakanaka chete—ndihwo hunyanzvi nesainzi yedzidzo kushanda pamwechete kuvhura kugona kwemudzidzi wese.
Tanga mangwana. Sarudza zano kubva pane iyi runyorwa. Edza kwevhiki. Rongedza zvichibva pane zvaunodzidza. Wobva wawedzera imwe. Usati wazviziva, unenge washandura kirasi yako kuita nzvimbo iyo kudzidza kunoonekwa, kukosheswa, uye kunoramba kuchivandudzwa.
Vadzidzi vagere mukirasi yako nhasi havakodzeri chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuedza kwako kwakanakisisa kuti unzwisise uye utsigire kudzidza kwavo. Ongororo yekugadzira maitirwo aunoita kuti zviitike, imwe nguva, mubvunzo mumwe, nzwisiso imwe panguva.
References
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Klute, M., Apthorp, H., Harlacher, J., & Reale, M. (2017). Formative ongororo uye budiriro yevadzidzi vechikoro chepuraimari: Ongororo yehumbowo (REL 2017–259). Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation uye Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Central.
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Wiliam, D. (2010). Pfupiso inosanganisirwa yezvinyorwa zvekutsvagisa uye zvinorehwa nedzidziso itsva yekuongorora kwemaitiro. MuHL Andrade naGJ Cizek (Vapepeti), Handbook of formive assessment (p. 18-40). New York: Routledge.
Wiliam, D., & Thompson, M. (2008). Kubatanidza kuongorora nekudzidza: Chii chinozotora kuti ishande? MuCA Dwyer (Mupepeti.), Ramangwana rekuongorora: Kuumba kudzidzisa nekudzidza (p. 53-82). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
