Chii chinonzi Project Management? | Zvese Zvekuziva muna 2025
Kunyura mumazuva ekupedzisira? Kunzwa kuremerwa? Tenzi Project Management uye shandura nzira yaunoshanda nayo.
Kwemazana emakore, San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system, ine 400,000 vatasvi pazuva yave iri imwe yemapurojekiti akabudirira uye Bechtel ndiye anotungamira pasi rose maneja wepurojekiti yemapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka nehuinjiniya. Uyu muenzaniso ufakazi hwakanakisa hwekukosha kwekutonga kweprojekiti kwakakosha. Mhedzisiro yekubudirira kwechero purojekiti iri kumashure kwemamaneja akanaka eprojekiti.
Saka, muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora kuti kutonga kweprojekiti chii, kwakakosha sei, uye nzira dzakanakisa dzekuronga, kuronga, kutonga uye kuongorora chirongwa.
Chii chinonzi Project Management uye Mienzaniso?
Mapurojekiti chikamu chakajairika chehupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Tinogona kunge tichironga muchato kana mabiko ebhavhadhe anoshamisa, kushongedza patsva imba, kana kugadzirira semester-refu kirasi chirongwa. Zvirongwa zvakakura zvinogona kutaurwa sekuvaka bhiriji, kutamisa vagari, kugadzira mitsetse mitsva yendege, nezvimwe. Vese vanoda manejimendi eprojekiti.
Kutungamira kweprojekiti kunotsanangura nzira yakarongeka, nzira, uye maitiro anoshandiswa kuronga, kuronga, kutonga, uye kuongorora mapurojekiti kubva pakutanga kusvika kupera. Inosanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwezviitwa uye maitiro akanangana nekuzadzisa zvinangwa mukati mezvipingamupinyi zvakatsanangurwa senge nguva, mutengo, chiyero, mhando, uye zviwanikwa.
Sei Project Management Yakakosha?
Zvakaoma kuramba kukosha kwemanejimendi mumapurojekiti ayo anobatsira chirongwa chega chega chebhizinesi kuti chifambe nemazvo uye nemazvo. Ngatimbotarisai mabhenefiti matatu makuru ekutungamira kweprojekiti kunoshanda.
Sevha Nguva Uye Mari
Kurongeka kwakanaka kweprojekiti kunosanganisira kuronga nekugovanisa zviwanikwa. Mamaneja epurojekiti anoongorora zvinodikanwa zveprojekiti, vaone zviwanikwa zvinodiwa, uye vagovapa zvinobudirira. Nekunyatso fungira zviwanikwa zvinodiwa uye kudzivirira kugovaniswa kana kusashandiswa, mamaneja epurojekiti anokwirisa mashandisirwo ezviwanikwa, kuderedza mari isingakoshi uye kuchengetedza nguva.
Kuvandudza Kudyidzana Uye Kukurukurirana
Mamaneja epurojekiti anotsanangura uye anotaurirana akajeka mabasa uye mabasa kune nhengo dzechikwata. Wese munhu anonzwisisa mabasa avo chaiwo, zvinounzwa, uye nzvimbo dzekuzvidavirira. Kujeka uku kunoderedza kuvhiringika uye kupindirana, zvichiita kuti nhengo dzechikwata dzishande pamwe chete zvakanaka uye nemazvo.
Deredza Njodzi Nenyaya
Mapurojekiti anosanganisira njodzi uye kusava nechokwadi, izvo, kana zvikasiiwa zvisina kutarisirwa, zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko makuru kana kukundikana. Kutarisira kwakanaka kweprojekiti kunosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwenjodzi, kuongorora, uye nzira dzekudzikisa. Nekutarisira nekugadzirisa zvingangoitika pakutanga, mamaneja epurojekiti anogona kuderedza maitiro avo uye kuona kuti mapurojekiti anoramba ari munzira, kana kutopedzwa zuva raunoda risati rasvika.
Ndeapi Matanho Matatu Akakosha Ekutungamira kweProjekiti?
Kutungamira kwemapurojekiti kunosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu: kuronga chirongwa, kuronga chirongwa, uye kutonga kweprojekiti. Heano tsanangudzo dzechikamu chimwe nechimwe.
Kuronga KweProjekiti
Kutungamira uye kurongeka kweprojekiti kunotanga nechikamu chekuronga, uko zvinangwa zveprojekiti, zvinangwa, uye chiyero zvinotsanangurwa. Munguva iyi, mamaneja epurojekiti anoshanda pamwe chete nevatori vechikamu kuti vanzwisise zvavanoda uye zvavanotarisira.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune nzira dzakati wandei dziri kushandiswa mukuronga chirongwa, uye imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushanda dzekuronga ibasa rekuparara kwemaitiro (WBS). Inotsanangurwa senzira yekukamura purojekiti muzvikamu zvayo zvikuru (kana mabasa), ayo anobva apatsanurwa muzvikamu zvine zvakawanda, uye pakupedzisira kuita seti yezviitwa nemitengo yazvo ine hukama.
Kuronga kweProjekti
Kuronga kweprojekiti kunoreva maitiro ekuteedzera uye kugovera nguva kune ese mabasa eprojekiti. Panguva ino, mamaneja vanosarudza kuti chiitiko chega chega chichatora nguva yakareba sei uye voverenga zviwanikwa zvinodiwa padanho rega rega rekugadzira.
Zvinangwa zvekurongwa kweprojekiti zvinogona kupfupikiswa sezvizvi:
- Kuratidza hukama hwechiitwa chimwe nechimwe kune vamwe uye kune chirongwa chose
- Kusarudza kurongeka kunonzwisisika uye kuwirirana pakati pezviitwa
- Kufambisa kugadzwa kwechokwadi nguva uye mutengo wekufungidzira kune chimwe nechimwe chiitiko
- Kuve nechokwadi chekuti vanhu, mari, uye zviwanikwa zvinoshandiswa nemazvo nekuona mabhodhoro akakosha.
Imwe nzira yakakurumbira yekuronga chirongwa ndiyo Gantt chati. Gantt machati inzira dzakachipa-mutengo dzinovavarira kubatsira mamaneja kuve nechokwadi chekuti:
- Mabasa anorongwa
- Kurongeka kwekuita kwakanyorwa
- Zvinoitwa zvenguva yekufungidzira zvinorekodhwa
- Yese nguva yeprojekiti inogadzirwa.
Project Kudzora
Kudzora kweprojekiti kunotsanangura kubata kwepedyo kwezviwanikwa, mutengo, mhando, uye bhajeti. Kudzora mapurojekiti kunogona kuve kwakaoma. Haasi ese mapurojekiti anotsanangurwa zvakanaka pakutanga, mamwe anogona kunge asina kutsanangurwa. Mapurojekiti anowanzo nyatso kutsanangurwa mushure mekuronga kwakadzama kwekutanga uye nekungwarira tsananguro yezvinodiwa zvekupinza, zviwanikwa, maitiro, uye zvinobuda.
Mukutonga, pane izwi rinonzi Waterfall Methodology iro rinosanganisira nzira inotevedzana apo chirongwa chinotarisa nenzira nhanho-ne-nhanho uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinopedzwa chisati chaenda kune chinotevera. Maneja weprojekiti uye timu inotarisa kuronga nekuita chikamu chimwe panguva, ichitevera kutevedzana kwakafanorongwa. Kana zvimhingamipinyi zvichizivikanwa, shanduko idiki zvekukwanisa kudzorwa pasina kudzokorodza zvirongwa.
Kusiyana neiyo Waterfall methodology, Agile Methodology inosimbisa kufanana kana panguva imwe chete kuronga uye kuitwa kwezvikamu zveprojekiti. Iyo inowanzobatanidzwa neAgile nzira dzakadai se Scrum uye Kanban. Panzvimbo pekupedza chikamu chimwe nechimwe chisati chatanga chinotevera, zvikwata zvinoshanda pane akawanda mapurojekiti panguva imwe chete, achitarisa kudiki kudzokororwa kana timeboxed increments. Kune akawanda ekutarisa uye zvishwe zvemhinduro kuti utarise mafambiro, izvo zvinogona kukutsigira kuti uite ongororo yeprojekiti gare gare.
Chii chinonzi Project Management Techniques: PERT uye CPM
Ose ari maviri Chirongwa Chekuongorora uye Ongororo Tekinoroji (PERT) uye Critical Path Method (CPM) inonyatso kuzivikanwa nzira dzekutungamira mapurojekiti dzinoshandiswa kuronga nekuronga zviitiko, izvo zvinogovana zvakafanana maererano nemaitiro ese e6 matanho seanotevera:
- Tsanangura mabasa epurojekiti anodiwa kupedzisa purojekiti uye kugadzirira chirongwa chekuputsa basa
- Ziva kuti ndezvipi zviitwa zvinotsamira pane vamwe uye gadzira hukama hune musoro, hwakadai se "kupedza-ku-kutanga" kana "kutanga-ku-kutanga".
- Dhirowa network inobatanidza zviitiko zvese uchishandisa node kumiririra zviitiko nemiseve kuratidza kuyerera uye kutsamira pakati pazvo.
- Enzanisa nguva uye mutengo wechiitiko chimwe nechimwe
- Sarudza Iyo Yakakosha Path (yakareba kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinotsamira izvo zvinotarisa hushoma hwenguva yeprojekiti)
- Muchirongwa chese, kufambira mberi kunotariswa zvichienderana nehurongwa, uye kugadzirisa kunoitwa sezvinodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekupedzwa nenguva.
Ndezvipi zvakanakira uye zvakaipira zvePERT neCPM?
Pane kutsoropodza pamusoro pePERT neCPM kuti zvakakosha here kuhutungamiri hweprojekiti. Heano mabhenefiti uye miganhu yemaitiro maviri aya:
| Advantages | Nokuremara |
| - Vanopa nzira yakarongeka yekuronga purojekiti, kunyanya kumapurojekiti makuru, akaoma ane zviitiko zvakawanda. - Nekutarisisa zviitiko zvakakosha munzira yakakosha, mamaneja epurojekiti anogona kukoshesa zviwanikwa uye kuedza kuve nechokwadi chekupedzwa kweprojekiti nenguva. - Vanopawo hurongwa hwekutarisa mafambiro eprojekiti uye nekuienzanisa nehurongwa hwakarongwa. | -Kuziva nemazvo uye kuverengera izvi zvinotsamira zvinogona kuve zvakaoma - Nguva yekufungidzira mukutonga kweprojekiti inogona kazhinji kuve yakazvimiririra uye inotungamirwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinotungamira kune njodzi yekufungidzira kwakarerekera uye zvingangodaro zvisiri izvo muchirongwa chenguva. - Izvo zvakakosha zvakaenzana kunyatso tarisisa nzira dziri pedyo-dzakakosha mukati meprojekiti. Kuregeredza aya ari pedyo-akakosha nzira kunogona kuunza njodzi dzinongoitika uye zvinogona kukonzera kunonokeka kana kukanganisa kune yakazara nguva yeprojekiti. |
Kushandisa Project Management Software kubata maProjekti
Ndeipi yakanyanya kunaka manejimendi software? Kune akati wandei sarudzo dzemakambani kubata mapurojekiti. Zvichienderana nehukuru hwepurojekiti, mamaneja anogona kusarudza kushandisa nzira dzakakurukurwa pamusoro-kubata mapurojekiti madiki kana kubatanidza yakasarudzika mapurojekiti software yemapurojekiti makuru uye akaomarara.
Zvakakodzera kuunza Microsoft Project, imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa software, iyo inonyanya kubatsira mukudhirowa mapurojekiti network, kuona chirongwa cheprojekiti, uye kutonga mutengo wepurojekiti uye zvimwe zviwanikwa uye kuita ongororo yeprojekiti. Iwe zvakare unogona kufunga dzimwe nzira dzayo dzakadai saAsana, Trello, Jira, uye Basecamp project management software. Iwo ese akabhadharwa purojekiti manejimendi software ine muyedzo wemahara weakawanda epamberi maficha anogona kukubatsira iwe kubata mapurojekiti ako nezvikwata zvakanyanya.
Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa
Ndeipi 4 mitemo yegoridhe yekutarisira chirongwa?
Mitemo mina yegoridhe yekutonga kweprojekiti ndeiyi: kutaurirana kwakakodzera nemutengi, kugadzira chirongwa chakazara, kuchengetedza hukama hwetsika nesangano, uye kurangarira kuti vanhu vanoverenga.
Ndeapi matanho mashanu ekutungamira kweprojekiti?
Iwo mashanu ekutanga matanho ekutarisira chirongwa anosanganisira: kutanga, kuronga, kuita, kutonga, uye kuvhara.
Ndeapi marudzi mana ekutarisira chirongwa?
Mamwe marudzi akajairwa ehurongwa hwekutarisira mapurojekiti anosanganisira Waterfall, Agile, Scrum, uye Kanban nzira.
Zvikamu zvitatu zvinobatanidzwa mukutarisira mapurojekiti makuru:
Kuronga pamusoro pekuita purojekiti, kuronga maitiro ane nguva uye manejimendi ekuita.
Bottom Line
Sezvatinoona, zvakakosha kuti kambani yese iite mari mukusimudzira hunyanzvi hwekutungamira mapurojekiti. Kubudirira kwekutonga kweprojekiti hakugone kushaikwa maneja epurojekiti ane hunyanzvi uye timu inoita-yepamusoro. Kune akawanda makosi akatemerwa uye kudzidziswa anogona kubatsira vadzidzi kuwana yakadzama uye neruzivo ruzivo nezve manejimendi eprojekiti. Kana iwe uine chivimbo uye wakanyatsogadzirira zvakakwana, wadii kutora dambudziko kubva kuPMI, iyo inonyanya kufarirwa purojekiti manejimendi chitupa, ichimbundira echinyakare, agile, uye mahybrid concepts?
Nekudaro, kana iwe uchida kuchengetedza mari, kutora yemahara Coursera projekiti manejimendi kosi zvakare ipfungwa huru. Kune HR-ers, kushandisa yakagadziridzwa kudzidziswa kunogona zvakare kutungamira kune zvirinani mhedzisiro. Iwe unogona kugadzira zvidzidzo zvinonakidza ne AhaSlides mharidzo yehurukuro chishandiso, kwaunogona kuwana akawanda emahara customizable matemplate eanopindirana Quizzes nemitambo pamwe chete neakasarudzika mharidzo mhedzisiro.
Basa rakataurwa: Render, Barry, Heizer, Jay, Munson, Chuck. (2017). Operation Management: kuenderera uye Supply Chain Management 12th. Ed. (12 th. Ed.).
Ref: Kushandira pamwe | M. Library