Mesebetsi e 7 e Atlehang ea Tekolo ea Thuto ea Phaposi ea Phaposi ea Phaposi e Ntle ka 2025

Ditiro tsa tlhatlhobo e e tlhomameng di tsewa e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa thuto ka ntlha ya thotloetso ya tsona mo baithuting le ditlamorago tsa bona tsa ka bonako mo thulaganyong ya go ithuta le go ruta. Mesebetsi ena e thusa barupeli ho fumana maikutlo a ho utloisisa mefokolo ea bona, hammoho le litsebo tsa morao-rao, ho ntlafatsa mehato e latelang ka tlelaseng. 

Posong ena, ke arolelana mesebetsi e supileng ea tlhahlobo ea sebopeho e fetotseng phaposi ea ka ea ho rutela le ea barupeli bao ke sebetsang le bona. Tsena ha se maikutlo a theory ho tsoa bukeng-ke maano a lekiloeng a thusitseng baithuti ba likete ho ikutloa ba bonoa, ba utloisisoa, 'me ba matlafatsoa leetong la bona la ho ithuta.

Tafole ea likateng

Ke Eng e Etsang Hore Tlhahlobo ea Formative e be ea Bohlokoa ka 2025?

Tekanyetso e ntseng e tsoela pele ke mokhoa o tsoelang pele oa ho bokella bopaki mabapi le ho ithuta ha seithuti nakong ea thupelo ho etsa litokiso tsa hang-hang tse ntlafatsang liphello tsa ho ruta le ho ithuta. Ho ea ka Lekhotla la Liofisiri tse ka Sehloohong tsa Sekolo sa Naha (CCSSO), tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ke "ts'ebetso e reriloeng, e tsoelang pele e sebelisoang ke liithuti tsohle le matichere nakong ea ho ithuta le ho ruta ho hlahisa le ho sebelisa bopaki ba thuto ea seithuti ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea seithuti ka liphello tse reriloeng tsa taeo le ho tšehetsa liithuti hore e be liithuti tse ikemetseng." Ho fapana le ditlhahlobo tse akaretsang tse hlahlobang thuto ka mora hore taeo e phethehe, ditlhahlobo tse hlaphohetsweng di etsahala hona jwale, tse dumellang mesuoe ho tsubella, ho ruta, kapa ho potlakisa ho itshetlehile ka nako ya nnete.

Maemo a thuto a fetohile haholo ho tloha ha ke qala ho kena ka phaposing ea borutelo ka 2015. Re tsamaile ho ithuta re le hole, ra amohela theknoloji e ncha, le ho hlalosa bocha hore na boikopanyo bo shebahala joang lefatšeng la rona la kamora koluoa. Leha ho le joalo tlhoko ea mantlha ea ho utloisisa leeto la ho ithuta la baithuti ba rona e lula e sa fetoha — haeba ho teng, e se e le bohlokoa ho feta neng kapa neng.

Patlisiso e ka Mora ho Tekolo ea Tlhabollo

Patlisiso ea motheo ea tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng, ho qala ka tlhahlobo e nang le tšusumetso e matla ea Black le Wiliam ea 1998 ea lithuto tse fetang 250, e lula e bontša liphello tse ntle tse ntle katlehong ea seithuti. Patlisiso ea bona e fumane boholo ba phello e tlohang ho 0.4 ho isa ho 0.7 liphapang tse tloaelehileng-ho lekana le ho ntšetsa pele thuto ea baithuti ka likhoeli tse 12-18. Litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao tsa meta, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahlobo ea Hattie ea litlhahlobo tse 12 tsa meta-ka maikutlo ka litlelaseng, li fihletse qeto ea hore tlas'a maemo a nepahetseng, maikutlo a sebopeho sa sebopeho a ka kenya letsoho haholo katlehong ea baithuti, ka karolelano ea boholo ba phello ea 0.73.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) e khethile tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e le "e 'ngoe ea maqheka a sebetsang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho phahamisa ts'ebetso e phahameng likolong," ho bolela hore katleho e hlahisoang ke tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng "e phahame haholo". Leha ho le joalo, OECD e boetse e hlokomela hore ho sa tsotellehe melemo ena, tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng "ha e e-s'o etsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng" litsamaisong tse ngata tsa thuto.

Ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho theha leqhubu la maikutlo moo:

• Baithuti ba fumana maikutlo hanghang, a tobileng mabapi le kutloisiso ea bona
• Matichere a fetola thuto e thehiloeng bopaking ba thuto ea seithuti
• Ho ithuta hoa bonahala ho matichere le baithuti
• Baithuti ba hlaolela litsebo tsa ho tseba lintho le ho ba baithuti ba ithatang

7 Mesebetsi e Phahameng ea Kelo ea Boithuto e Fetolang ho Ithuta

1. Lipotso tsa Potlako tsa Formative

Lebala lipotso tsa pop tse bakang tšabo. Lipotso tse potlakang (lipotso tse 3-5, metsotso e 5-7) li sebetsa e le tlhahlobo ea ho ithuta e tsebisang mehato ea hau e latelang ea thuto.

Melao-motheo ea moralo:

• Tsepamisa maikutlo mohopolong o le mong oa bohlokoa ka potso
• Kenyelletsa motsoako oa mefuta ea lipotso: khetho e mengata, karabo e khutšoane, le ts'ebeliso
• Etsa hore e be maemo a tlaase: boleng ba lintlha tse nyane kapa bo sa hlophisoang
• Fana ka maikutlo hang hang ka lipuisano tsa likarabo

Lipotso tse bohlale tsa lipotso:

• "Hlalosetsa ngoana oa sehlopha sa 5 mohopolo ona"
• "Ho ne ho tla etsahala'ng haeba re fetola phetoho ee?"
• "Hokela thuto ea kajeno ho seo re ithutileng sona bekeng e fetileng"
• "Ke eng e ntseng e ferekanya ka sehlooho see?"

Lisebelisoa tsa dijithale tse sebetsang:

• Kahoot bakeng sa puisano e hlophisitsoeng
• AhaSlides bakeng sa liphetho tsa hau le tsa nako ea nnete
• Google Forms bakeng sa maikutlo a felletseng

2. Litekete Tsa ho Tsoa Tsa Leano: The 3-2-1 Power Play

Litekete tsa ho tsoa ha se feela tlhokomelo ea maemo a holimo-ke liminerale tsa khauta tsa ho ithuta ha li entsoe ka mahlale. Sebopeho seo ke se ratang haholo ke 3-2-1 ho thuisa:

• Lintho tse 3 tseo u ithutileng tsona kajeno
• Lipotso tse 2 u ntse u na le tsona
• Tsela e 1 ea ho sebelisa tsebo ena

Pro kenyelletsoTips:

• Sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa digital tse kang Google Forms kapa Padlet bakeng sa ho bokella lintlha hang-hang
• Theha litekete tse fapaneng tsa ho tsoa ho latela sepheo sa ho ithuta
• Hlopha likarabo ka liqubu tse tharo: "Ke fumane," "Ho fihla moo," le "U hloka tšehetso"
• Sebelisa lintlha ho rala mesebetsi ea hau ea ho bula letsatsi le hlahlamang

Mohlala oa 'nete oa phaposi: Kamora ho ruta photosynthesis, ke ile ka sebelisa litekete tsa ho tsoa ho fumana hore 60% ea baithuti ba ntse ba ferekanya li-chloroplast le mitochondria. Letsatsing le hlahlamang, ke ile ka qala ka ts'ebetso e potlakileng ea ho bapisa pono ho e-na le ho fallela ho phefumoloha ha cellular joalokaha ho ne ho reriloe.

3. Interactive Polling

Ho khetha ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng ho fetola bamameli hore e be barupeluoa ba mafolofolo ha ba ntse ba u fa leseli la nako ea nnete kutloisisong ea baithuti. Empa boselamose ha bo teng ka har'a sesebelisoa-bo ka lipotso tseo u li botsang.

Lipotso tsa liphuputso tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo:

• Kutloisiso ea mohopolo: "Ke efe ho tsena e hlalosang hantle hore na ke hobane'ng ..."
• e sebetsa joang: "Haeba u ne u ka sebelisa mohopolo ona ho rarolla ..."
• Metacognitive: "U itšepa hakae ka bokhoni ba hau ba ho ..."
• Maikutlo a fosahetseng: "Ho ne ho tla etsahala'ng haeba ..."

Leano la ho kenya ts'ebetsong:

• Sebelisa lisebelisoa tse joalo ka AhaSlides bakeng sa likhetho tse sebetsang habonolo
• Botsa lipotso tse 2-3 thutong ka 'ngoe, eseng feela lintho tse monate
• Hlahisa liphetho ho tsosa lipuisano tsa sehlopha mabapi le ho beha mabaka
• Latela ka "Hobaneng o khethile karabo eo?" meqoqo

4. Think-Pair-Share 2.0

Karolelano ea khale ea ho nahana ka bobeli e fumana ntlafatso ea sejoale-joale e nang le boikarabello bo hlophisitsoeng. Mona ke mokhoa oa ho holisa bokhoni ba eona ba tlhahlobo:

Mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng:

1. Nahana (2 metsotso): Baithuti ba ngola mehopolo ea bona ea pele
2. Kopana (metsotso e 3): Balekane ba arolelana le ho aha holim'a mehopolo
3. Arolelana (metsotso e 5): Lihlopha tse peli li fana ka monahano o hlakileng ho sehlopha
4. Ho nahanisisa (motsotso o le mong): Boikutlo ba motho ka mong mabapi le hore na monahano o bile teng joang

Tlhahlobo:

• Sheba liithuti tse itšetlehileng haholo ka balekane khahlanong le ho kenya letsoho ka ho lekana
• Phatlalatsa nakong ea lipuisano ho mamela maikutlo a fosahetseng
• Sebelisa leqephe le bonolo la ho lata ho hlokomela hore na baithuti ba sokola ho hlahisa maikutlo afe
• Mamela tšebeliso ea mantsoe le likhokahano tsa mehopolo

5. Li-Galleries tsa ho Ithuta

Fetolela mabota a phaposi ea hau hore e be liphaposi tsa thuto moo baithuti ba bonts'ang monahano oa bona ka pono. Ketsahalo ena e sebetsa likarolong tsohle tsa thuto 'me e fana ka lintlha tse ngata tsa tlhahlobo.

Lifomete tsa gallery:

• Limmapa tsa mehopolo: Baithuti ba theha litšoantšo tsa pono ea hore na mehopolo e hokahana joang
• Maeto a ho rarolla mathata: Litokomane tsa mohato ka mohato tsa mekhoa ea ho nahana
• Libaka tsa ho bolela esale pele: Baithuti ba beha likhakanyo, ebe ba khutlela ka mor'a ho ithuta
• Liboto tsa boithuto: Likarabo tse bonoang ho likhothatso tse sebelisang litšoantšo, mantsoe, kapa ka bobeli

Leano la tlhahlobo:

• Sebelisa sebaka sa pokello ea litšoantšo bakeng sa maikutlo a lithaka u sebelisa liprothokholo tse ikhethileng
• Nka linepe tsa mosebetsi oa baithuti bakeng sa li-portfolio tsa dijithale
• Ela hloko mekhoa ea menahano e fosahetseng ho li-artifact tse ngata tsa baithuti
• Etsa hore liithuti li hlalose menahano ea tsona nakong ea lipontšo tsa gallery

6. Mekhoa e Kopanetsoeng ea Puisano

Lipuisano tse nang le morero ka tlelaseng ha li etsahale ka tsietsi-li hloka meaho e ikemiselitseng e etsang hore moithuti a nahane ha a ntse a boloka boitlamo.

Protocol ea Fishbowl:

• Baithuti ba 4-5 ba buisana ka sehlooho se bohareng
• Baithuti ba setseng ba shebelletse le ho ngola lintlha puisanong
• Bashebelli ba ka "tenya" ho nkela moqoqo sebaka
• Debrief e shebana le dikahare le boleng ba puisano

Tekolo ea Jigsaw:

• Baithuti e ba litsebi mabapi le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sehlooho
• Lihlopha tsa litsebi li kopana ho tebisa kutloisiso
• Liithuti li khutlela lihlopheng tsa mahae ho ea ruta ba bang
• Kelo e etsahala ka litebello tsa ho ruta le ho tsoa mehopolong

Seminara ea Socratic hammoho le:

• Seminara ea Traditional Socratic e nang le moalo o eketsehileng oa tlhahlobo
• Baithuti ba latela karolo ea bona ea ho nka karolo le ho iphetola ha maikutlo
• Akarelletsa le lipotso tsa ho thuisa mabapi le hore na monahano oa bona o fetohile joang
• Sebelisa maqephe a ho shebella ho hlokomela mekhoa ea ho kopanela

7. Lisebelisoa tsa ho Itekola

Ho ruta baithuti ho itlhahloba thuto ea bona mohlomong ke leano le matla ka ho fetisisa la tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Ha baithuti ba ka lekola kutloisiso ea bona ka nepo, ba fetoha balekane thutong ea bona.

Mehaho ea boitlhahlobo:

1. Li-trackers tsa tsoelopele ea ho ithuta:

• Baithuti ba lekanya kutloisiso ea bona sekaleng ka litlhaloso tse itseng
• Kenyelletsa litlhoko tsa bopaki boemong bo bong le bo bong
• Ho etela khafetsa ho pholletsa le liyuniti
• Ho ipehela lipakane ho thehiloe kutloisisong ea hona joale

2. Likoranta tsa boinahano:

• Maikutlo a beke le beke a bua ka melemo ea ho ithuta le mathata
• Litlhahiso tse khethehileng tse amanang le sepheo sa ho ithuta
• Ho arolelana maikutlo le maano a lithaka
• Maikutlo a matichere mabapi le kholo ea kelello

3. Liprothokholo tsa tlhahlobo ea liphoso:

• Baithuti ba seka-seka liphoso tsa bona likabelong tsa bona
• Arola liphoso ho ea ka mofuta (khopolo, tsamaiso, bohlasoa)
• Etsa mekhoa ea botho ea ho qoba liphoso tse tšoanang
• Arolelana maqheka a sebetsang a ho thibela liphoso le lithaka

Ho theha Leano la Hao la Tekolo ea Formative

Qala hanyane, nahana haholo - Se leke ho kenya ts'ebetsong maano a supileng kaofela ka nako e le 'ngoe. Khetha 2-3 e lumellanang le mokhoa oa hau oa ho ruta le litlhoko tsa seithuti. Tseba tsena pele o eketsa tse ling.

Boleng hofeta bongata - Ho molemo ho sebedisa leano le le leng la tekanyetso ya sebopeho hantle ho ena le ho sebedisa mawa a mahlano hampe. Tsepamisa maikutlo ho rala lipotso le mesebetsi ea boleng bo holimo e senolang monahano oa seithuti e le kannete.

Koala loop - Karolo ea bohlokoahali ea tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ha se pokello ea lintlha-ke seo u se etsang ka tlhahisoleseling. Kamehla e-ba le moralo oa hore na u tla fetola thuto joang ho latela seo u ithutang sona.

E etse tloaelo - Tekanyetso e hlophisitsoeng e lokela ho utloahala e le ea tlhaho, eseng joalo ka moroalo o eketsehileng. Theha liketsahalo tsena ho phallo ea hau ea kamehla ea thuto hore e tle e be likarolo tse se nang moeli tsa ho ithuta.

Lisebelisoa tsa Theknoloji tse Ntlafatsang (tse sa Ratang) Tekolo ea Tlhaho

Lisebelisoa tsa mahala bakeng sa phaposi e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe:

• AhaSlides: E fapa-fapaneng bakeng sa lipatlisiso, lipotso le maikutlo
• Padlet: E ntle bakeng sa ho kopanya maikutlo le ho arolelana maikutlo
• Mentimeter: E ntle bakeng sa likhetho tse phelang le maru a mantsoe
• Flipgrid: E nepahetse bakeng sa likarabo tsa video le maikutlo a lithaka
• Kahoot: Iketsetse ts'ebetso ea ho hlahloba le ho hopola

Lisebelisoa tsa Premium tse lokelang ho nahanoa:

• Socrative: Lenaneo la tlhahlobo le felletseng le nang le lintlha tsa nako ea nnete
• Pear Deck: Litlhahiso tse sebetsanang le li-slide tse nang le tlhahlobo ea sebopeho
• Nearpod: Lithuto tse tebileng tse nang le mesebetsi ea tlhahlobo e hahelletsoeng ka hare
• Quizizz: Litlhahlobo tse ntlafalitsoeng tse nang le li-analytics tse qaqileng

Ntlha ea Bohlokoa: Ho Etsa Hore Nako e 'ngoe le e 'Ngoe e be Molemo

Tekanyetso e hlophisitsoeng ha se ea ho etsa ho eketsehileng-e mabapi le ho ikemisetsa haholoanyane ka litšebelisano tseo u seng u ntse u e-na le tsona le liithuti. E mabapi le ho fetola linako tseo tsa ho lahla ho ba menyetla ea temohisiso, khokahano le kholo.

Ha u utloisisa hantle hore na liithuti tsa hau li hokae leetong la tsona la ho ithuta, u ka kopana le tsona hantle moo li leng teng 'me ua li tataisa moo li lokelang ho ea teng. Seo ha se thuto e ntle feela—ke bonono le mahlale a thuto a sebetsang ’moho ho notlolla bokhoni ba moithuti e mong le e mong.

Qala hosane. Khetha leano le le leng lethathamong lena. E leke bakeng sa beke. Fetola ho latela seo u ithutang sona. Ebe u eketsa e 'ngoe. Pele u e tseba, u tla be u fetotse phaposi ea hau ea ho rutela sebaka seo ho ithuta ho bonahalang, ho ananeloa, le ho ntlafatsoa khafetsa.

Baithuti ba lutseng ka phaposing ea hau ea ho rutela kajeno ha ba tšoaneloe ke boiteko bo matla ba ho utloisisa le ho tšehetsa thuto ea bona. Tekanyetso e hlophisitsoeng ke hore na u etsa hore seo se etsahale joang, motsotso o le mong, potso e le 'ngoe, temohisiso e le 'ngoe ka nako.

References

Bennett, RE (2011). Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng: Tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa. Kelo ea Thuto: Melao-motheo, Leano le Boitloaelo, 18(1), 5-25.

Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Kelo le ho ithuta ka phaposing. Kelo ea Thuto: Melao-motheo, Leano le Boitloaelo, 5(1), 7-74.

Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Ho ntshetsapele thuto ya tekolo ya sebopeho. Kelo ya Thuto, Tshekatsheko le Boikarabelo, 21(1), 5-31.

Lekhotla la Liofisiri tse ka Sehloohong tsa Likolo tsa Naha. (2018). Ho botjha tlhaloso ya kelo ya boqapi. Washington, DC: CCSSO.

Fuchs, LS, & Fuchs, D. (1986). Liphello tsa tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e hlophisitsoeng: Meta-analysis. Bana ba Ikhethileng, 53(3), 199-208.

Graham, S., Hebert, M., & Harris, KR (2015). Tekolo le ho ngola ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng: Meta-analysis. Koranta ea Sekolo sa mathomo, 115(4), 523-547.

Hattie, J. (2009). Thuto e bonahalang: Kakaretso ea litlhahlobo tse fetang 800 tse amanang le katleho. London: Routledge.

Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). Matla a maikutlo. Tlhahlobo ea Lipatlisiso tsa Thuto, 77(1), 81-112.

Kingston, N., & Nash, B. (2011). Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng: Tlhahlobo ea meta le pitso ea lipatlisiso. Tekanyo ea Thuto: Litaba le Boitloaelo, 30(4), 28-37.

Klute, M., Apthorp, H., Harlacher, J., & Reale, M. (2017). Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng le katleho ea thuto ea seithuti sa sekolo sa mathomo: Tlhahlobo ea bopaki (REL 2017–259). Washington, DC: Lefapha la Thuto la US, Setsi sa Saense sa Thuto, Setsi sa Sechaba sa Tlhahlobo ea Thuto le Thuso ea Libaka, Lebatooa la Thuto la Libaka Bohareng.

OECD. (2005). Tekanyetso ya boithuto: Ho ntlafatsa ho ithuta diphaposing tse mahareng. Paris: Phatlalatso ea OECD.

Wiliam, D. (2010). Kakaretso e kopanyang ea lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso le litlamorao tsa thuto e ncha ea tlhahlobo ea moralo. Ho HL Andrade & GJ Cizek (Bahlophisi). Bukana ea tekolo e hlophisitsoeng (maq. 18-40). New York: Routledge.

Wiliam, D., & Thompson, M. (2008). Ho kopanya tlhahlobo le ho ithuta: Ho tla hlokahala eng ho etsa hore e sebetse? Ho CA Dwyer (Mong.), Bokamoso ba kelo: Ho bopa ho ruta le ho ithuta (maq. 53-82). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.