Yintoni uLawulo lweProjekthi? | Konke okumele ukwazi ngo-2024
Ukuntywila kwimihla ebekiweyo? Ukuziva ukoyisakala? Inkosi Ulawulo lweprokjekthi ngo-2024 kwaye uguqule indlela osebenza ngayo.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, inkqubo ye-Bay Area Rapid Transit (i-BART) yaseSan Francisco, enabakhweli abangama-400,000 ngosuku ibe yenye yeeprojekthi eziphumeleleyo kwaye i-Bechtel ingoyena mlawuli weprojekthi ukhokelayo kwihlabathi kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zokwakha nezobunjineli. Lo mzekelo ububungqina obugqwesileyo bokubaluleka kolawulo lweprojekthi olusebenzayo. Undoqo wayo nayiphi na impumelelo yeprojekthi isemva kwabaphathi beprojekthi abalungileyo.
Ke, kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ukuba yintoni ulawulo lweprojekthi, ibaluleke kangakanani, kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokucwangcisa, ukucwangcisa, ukulawula kunye nokuvavanya iprojekthi.
Isiqulatho
- Yintoni uLawulo lweProjekthi kunye neMizekelo?
- Kutheni uLawulo lweProjekthi lubalulekile?
- Ngawaphi amaNqanaba amaThathu aPhambili oLawulo lweProjekthi?
- Ziziphi iindlela zoLawulo lweProjekthi: PERT kunye neCPM
- Ukusebenzisa iProjekthi yoLawulo lweProjekthi yokulawula iiProjekthi
- Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
- Okukwintsusa
Iingcebiso zokuthethana ngcono
Ngaba ujonge indlela yokunxibelelana yokulawula iprojekthi yakho ngcono?
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Yintoni uLawulo lweProjekthi kunye neMizekelo?
Iiprojekthi ziyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Sisenokuba sicwangcisa umtshato okanye itheko lomhla wokuzalwa owothusayo, sihombisa ngokutsha indlu, okanye silungiselela iprojekthi yeklasi yesiqingatha sonyaka. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zinokukhankanywa njengokwakha ibhulorho, ukufudusa abahlali, ukuvelisa imigca emitsha yeenqwelomoya, nokunye. Bonke bafuna ulawulo lweprojekthi.
Ulawulo lweprojekthi luchaza indlela ecwangcisiweyo, iindlela zokusebenza, kunye nezenzo ezisetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa, ukucwangcisa, ukulawula, nokuvavanya iiprojekthi ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni. Iquka uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi kunye neenkqubo ezijolise ekuphumezeni iinjongo ezithile ngaphakathi kwemiqobo echaziweyo efana nexesha, ixabiso, umda, umgangatho kunye nemithombo.
Kutheni uLawulo lweProjekthi lubalulekile?
Kunzima ukukhanyela ukubaluleka kolawulo kwiiprojekthi ezinceda iprojekthi nganye yeshishini iqhube ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo. Makhe sijonge kwiinzuzo ezintathu eziphambili zolawulo lweprojekthi olusebenzayo.
Gcina ixesha nemali
Ulungelelwaniso olululo lweprojekthi lubandakanya ukucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo. Abaphathi beprojekthi bavavanya iimfuno zeprojekthi, bachonge izibonelelo eziyimfuneko, kwaye babelane ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iimfuno zezibonelelo kunye nokuphepha ukuthengiswa ngokubanzi okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi, abaphathi beprojekthi baphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo, ukunciphisa iindleko ezingeyomfuneko kunye nokugcina ixesha.
Phucula iNtsebenziswano kunye noNxibelelwano
Abaphathi beprojekthi bachaza kwaye banxibelelane iindima ezicacileyo kunye noxanduva kumalungu eqela. Umntu ngamnye uyayiqonda imisebenzi yakhe ethile, ukunikezelwa, kunye neendawo zokuphendula. Oku kucaca kunciphisa ukubhideka kunye nokugqithelana, kuvumela amalungu eqela ukuba asebenze kunye ngokutyibilikayo nangokufanelekileyo.
Nciphisa uMngcipheko kunye neMiba
Iiprojekthi ngokwendalo zibandakanya imingcipheko kunye nokungaqiniseki, okuthi, ukuba kushiywe kungalawulwa, kunokukhokelela kwimicelimngeni ebalulekileyo okanye ukusilela. Ulawulo lweprojekthi olulungileyo lugxininisa ukuchongwa komngcipheko, uvavanyo, kunye nezicwangciso zokunciphisa. Ngokulindela kunye nokulungisa imiba enokubakho kwangethuba, abaphathi beprojekthi banokunciphisa impembelelo yabo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iiprojekthi zihlala zihamba ngendlela, okanye zigqitywe ngaphambi komhla ofunekayo.
Phuma: Wenza ntoni uMfundi weSkram?
Ngawaphi amaNqanaba amaThathu aPhambili kuLawulo lweProjekthi?
Ulawulo lweeprojekthi lubandakanya izigaba ezithathu: ukucwangciswa kweprojekthi, ukucwangciswa kweprojekthi, kunye nokulawulwa kweprojekthi. Nazi iinkcukacha zesigaba ngasinye.
UCwangciso lweProjekthi
Ulawulo kunye nolungiselelo lweprojekthi luqala ngesigaba sokucwangcisa, apho iinjongo zeprojekthi, iinjongo, kunye nobubanzi buchazwayo. Ngeli nqanaba, abaphathi beprojekthi basebenza ngokusondeleyo nabachaphazelekayo ukuqonda iimfuno zabo kunye nokulindela.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kucwangciso lweprojekthi, kwaye enye yeendlela ezisebenzayo zokucwangcisa sisakhiwo sokuqhekeka komsebenzi (WBS). Ichazwa njengenkqubo yokwahlula iprojekthi ibe ngamacandelwana ayo amakhulu (okanye imisebenzi), athi ke ahlulwe abe ngamacandelwana aneenkcukacha ezithe kratya, aze ekugqibeleni abe yiseti yemisebenzi kunye neendleko ezinxulumene noko.
Related: Imbono yentaka yenkqubo yokucwangcisa iprojekthi
UCwangciso lweProjekthi
Ukucwangciswa kweprojekthi kubhekisa kwinkqubo yolandelelwano kunye nokwabiwa kwexesha kuyo yonke imisebenzi yeprojekthi. Kweli nqanaba, abaphathi bathatha isigqibo sokuba umsebenzi ngamnye uya kuthatha ixesha elingakanani kwaye babale izibonelelo ezifunekayo kwinqanaba ngalinye lemveliso.
Iinjongo zokucwangcisa iprojekthi zinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Ukubonisa ubudlelwane bomsebenzi ngamnye kwabanye nakwiprojekthi iphela
- Ukumisela ulandelelwano olunengqiqo kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwemisebenzi
- Ukuququzelela ukusekwa kwexesha lokwenene kunye noqikelelo lweendleko kumsebenzi ngamnye
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu, imali, kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuchonga imiqobo ebalulekileyo.
Enye indlela edumileyo yokucwangcisa iprojekthi yitshathi yeGantt. Iitshathi zeGantt ziindlela ezinexabiso eliphantsi ezijolise ekuncedeni abaphathi baqinisekise ukuba:
- Imisebenzi icwangcisiwe
- Ulandelelwano lwentsebenzo lubhaliwe
- Uqikelelo lwexesha lomsebenzi luyarekhodwa
- Lilonke ixesha leprojekthi liyaphuhliswa.
Related:
Ukulawulwa kweProjekthi
Ulawulo lweprojekthi luchaza ukuphathwa ngokusondeleyo kwezibonelelo, iindleko, umgangatho kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ukulawula iiprojekthi kunokuba nzima. Ayizizo zonke iiprojekthi ezichazwe kakuhle ekuqaleni, ezinye zinokungachazwa kakuhle. Iiprojekthi zichazwa kakuhle kuphela emva kokucwangciswa okubanzi okubanzi kunye nenkcazo ngononophelo lwamagalelo afunekayo, izixhobo, iinkqubo, kunye neziphumo.
Ekulawuleni, kukho igama elibizwa ngokuba yi-Waterfall Methodology ebandakanya indlela elandelelanayo apho iprojekthi igxininise ngendlela yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo kwaye isigaba ngasinye sigqitywe ngaphambi kokudlulela kwelinye. Umphathi weprojekthi kunye neqela lijolise ekucwangciseni nasekuphumezeni isigaba esinye ngexesha, ngokulandela ulandelelwano olubekwe kwangaphambili. Xa izithintelo zisaziwa, utshintsho luncinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba lulawuleke ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa kakhulu kwezicwangciso.
Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela yeengxangxasi, Indlela ye-Agile ugxininisa ukucwangcisa okufanayo okanye kwangaxeshanye kunye nokwenziwa kwamacandelo eprojekthi. Ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene neendlela ze-Agile ezifana Isikram kunye neKanban. Endaweni yokugqiba isigaba ngasinye ngaphambi kokuqalisa esilandelayo, amaqela asebenza kwiinkalo ezininzi zeprojekthi ngaxeshanye, egxile kuphindaphindo oluncinci okanye ukonyuswa kweebhokisi zexesha. Kukho iindawo ezininzi zokujonga kunye neelophu zengxelo zokulandelela inkqubela, ezinokukuxhasa ukuba wenze uvavanyo lweprojekthi kamva.
Phuma: Ukuphunyezwa kweProjekthi kwaye Inkqubo yoVavanyo lweProjekthi
Ziziphi iindlela zoLawulo lweProjekthi: I-PERT kunye ne-CPM
Zombini uVavanyo lweNkqubo kunye noBuchule bokuPhonononga (PERT) kunye neNdlela yeNdlela eBalulekileyo (CPM) ziindlela ezaziwayo-kakuhle zolawulo lweprojekthi ezisetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa nokucwangcisa imisebenzi, ezabelana ngezinto ezifanayo ngokwenkqubo iyonke yamanyathelo ama-6 ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Chaza imisebenzi yeprojekthi efunekayo ukugqibezela iprojekthi kwaye ulungiselele ulwakhiwo lokwahlulwa komsebenzi
- Chonga ukuba yeyiphi imisebenzi exhomekeke kwabanye kwaye useke ubudlelwane obunengqiqo, njengokuthi "ukugqiba-ukuqala" okanye "ukuqala-ukuqala".
- Zoba uthungelwano oludibanisa yonke imisebenzi ngokusebenzisa iindawo zokubonisa imisebenzi kunye neentolo ukubonisa ukuhamba kunye nokuxhomekeka phakathi kwazo.
- Qikelela ubude bexesha lomsebenzi ngamnye kunye neendleko
- Misela iNdlela enguNdoqo (olona landelelwano lude lwemisebenzi exhomekeke kuyo emisela ubuncinci bexesha leprojekthi)
- Kuyo yonke iprojekthi, inkqubela-phambili ijongwa ngokuchasene neshedyuli, kwaye uhlengahlengiso lwenziwa njengoko luyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukugqitywa kwangexesha.
Ziziphi iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga kwe-PERT kunye ne-CPM?
Kukho ukugxekwa malunga ne-PERT kunye ne-CPM ukuba ingaba zibalulekile na kulawulo lweprojekthi. Nazi iingenelo kunye nemida yezi ndlela zimbini:
| eziluncedo | Imida |
| - Babonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokucwangciswa kweprojekthi, ngakumbi kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, ezinzima ezinemisebenzi emininzi. - Ngokugxininisa kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwindlela ebalulekileyo, abaphathi beprojekthi banokubeka phambili izibonelelo kunye nemigudu yokuqinisekisa ukugqitywa kweprojekthi ngexesha. - Bakwabonelela ngesakhelo sokubeka iliso kwinkqubela yeprojekthi kwaye bayithelekise neshedyuli ecwangcisiweyo. |
- Ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulinganisa oku kuxhomekeka kunokuba ngumngeni - Uqikelelo lwexesha kulawulo lweprojekthi lunokuhlala luxhomekeke kwaye luphenjelelwe yimiba eyahlukeneyo, ekhokelela kumngcipheko woqikelelo olucalucalulo kunye nokungachaneki okunokwenzeka kwixesha leprojekthi. - Kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukubeka esweni iindlela ezikufutshane-ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiprojekthi. Ukungahoyi ezi ndlela zikufutshane-zibaluleke kakhulu kunokubeka umngcipheko wendalo kwaye kunokubangela ulibaziseko olunokubakho okanye ukuphazamiseka kwinqanaba lexesha leprojekthi. |
Ukusebenzisa iProjekthi yoLawulo lweProjekthi yokulawula iiProjekthi
Yeyiphi eyona ilungileyo isoftware yolawulo lweprojekthi ? Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhetha ukuba iinkampani zilawule iiprojekthi. Ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani beprojekthi, abaphathi banokugqiba ekubeni basebenzise iindlela ezixoxwe ngasentla ukulawula iiprojekthi ezincinci okanye ukubandakanya isoftware yolawulo lweeprojekthi ezizodwa kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu nezintsonkothileyo.
Kuyafaneleka ukwazisa iProjekthi yeMicrosoft, enye yezona software zidumileyo, eziluncedo kakhulu ekuzoba uthungelwano lweprojekthi, ukuchonga ishedyuli yeprojekthi, kunye nokulawula iindleko zeprojekthi kunye nezinye izixhobo kunye nokwenza uvavanyo lweprojekthi. Nawe unako qwalasela ezinye iindlela zayo njengeAsana, iTrello, iJira, kunye nesoftware yolawulo lweprojekthi yeBasecamp. Zonke zihlawulwe isoftware yolawulo lweprojekthi kunye nesilingo sasimahla seempawu ezininzi eziphambili ezinokukunceda ulawule iiprojekthi zakho kunye namaqela ngokufanelekileyo.
Related: Iingcebiso ezili-10 zokuSebenzisa uLawulo lweProjekthi ye-Asana ngokufanelekileyo ngo-2024 or Iiprojekthi ezizezinye zeMicrosoft
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Yiyiphi imithetho emi-4 yegolide yolawulo lweprojekthi?
Imithetho emine yegolide yolawulo lweprojekthi yile: unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kunye nomthengi, ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi ebanzi, ukugcina ubudlelwane bokuziphatha kunye nombutho, kunye nokukhumbula ukuba abantu bayabala.
Zeziphi izigaba ezi-5 zolawulo lweprojekthi?
Amanqanaba ama-5 asisiseko olawulo lweprojekthi abandakanya: ukuqaliswa, ukucwangcisa, ukwenziwa, ukulawula, kunye nokuvalwa.
Ziziphi iintlobo ezi-4 zolawulo lweprojekthi?
Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeendlela zokulawula iprojekthi ziquka: I-Waterfall, i-Agile, i-Scrum, kunye nendlela ye-Kanban.
Izigaba ezithathu ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lweeprojekthi ezinkulu...
Ukucwangcisa indlela yokuphumeza iprojekthi, inkqubo yokucwangcisa ixesha kunye nolawulo lokwenziwa.
Okukwintsusa
Njengoko sibona, kufanelekile ukuba inkampani nganye ityale imali ekuphuculeni izakhono zolawulo lweprojekthi. Ulawulo lweprojekthi olusebenzayo alunako ukuswela abaphathi beprojekthi abanobuchule kunye neqela lentsebenzo ephezulu. Zininzi iikhosi eziqinisekisiweyo kunye noqeqesho olunokunceda abafundi bafumane ulwazi olunzulu noluluncedo malunga nolawulo lweprojekthi. Ukuba uzithembile kwaye uzilungiselele ngokwaneleyo, kutheni ungathathi umngeni PMI, esona satifikethi sixatyiswayo solawulo lweprojekthi kwihlabathi, esamkela iingqiqo zemveli, ezidala, kunye nomxube.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufuna ukonga imali, ukuthatha ikhosi yolawulo lweprojekthi ye-Coursera yasimahla ikwangumbono olungileyo. Kubasebenzi babasebenzi, ukusebenzisa uqeqesho olulungiselelweyo kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono. Unokwenza izifundo ezibandakanyayo kunye Umboniso weAhaSlides isixhobo, apho unokufumana khona iitemplates ezininzi zasimahla ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso zemibuzo esebenzayo kunye nemidlalo kunye neziphumo ezizodwa zokubonisa.
Umsebenzi ocatshulweyo: Render, Barry, Heizer, Jay, Munson, Chuck. (2017). Ulawulo lokuSebenza : Sustainability kwaye Ulawulo lwekhonkco lonikezo 12th. U-Ed. (12 th. Ed.).