Uke uzibuze ukuthi ezinye izinkampani zibonakala kanjani zinakho konke ngenkathi ezinye zizungeza amasondo azo ezinxushunxushwini? Imfihlo imvamisa isekuhlelekeni kwazo.
Njengomdwebi wezakhiwo akha umdwebo wesakhiwo, ubuholi benkampani kufanele bakhe uhlaka oluphelele lwebhizinisi labo.
Kodwa ngokungafani nezakhiwo ezimile, izinkampani ziphila, izidalwa eziphefumulayo okufanele zivumelane nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Namuhla sizolunguza ngemuva kwamakhethini ezinhlangano ezenza kahle ukuze siveze umlingo wesakhiwo obenza bakhaze.
Ngokubambisana sizohlola okuhlukile izinhlobo zezakhiwo zenhlangano ukubona ukuthi iyiphi ekufanelekela kangcono.
Uhlolojikelele
| Isiphi isakhiwo senhlangano esisetshenziswa kakhulu? | Isakhiwo se-hierarchical |
| Iluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano oluyinselele kakhulu? | Isakhiwo se-matrix |
| Iluphi uhlobo lwesakhiwo ongalukhetha uma indawo yenkampani yakho izinzile? | Isakhiwo esisebenzayo |
Okuqukethwe
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Siyini Isakhiwo Senhlangano?
Isakhiwo senhlangano sisho uhlelo olusemthethweni lomsebenzi kanye nobudlelwano bokubika obulawula, obuxhumanisa, futhi obugqugquzela abasebenzi ukuthi basebenzisane ukuze bafeze izinjongo zenhlangano. I izakhi ezibalulekile ezichaza uhlaka lwenhlangano zihlanganisa:
- Uphiko Lwezabasebenzi - Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yomsebenzi ibe yimisebenzi ethile noma imisebenzi okufanele yenziwe. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi othile kanye nokwenza iminyango.
- Ukwenziwa komnyango - Ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi ngeminyango ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wayo ofanayo (isib. umnyango wokumaketha) noma iqembu lamakhasimende/okuhlosiwe elihlinzekwayo (isib. umnyango wokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi).
- I-Chain of Command - Imigqa yegunya ecacisa ukuthi ubani obika kubani futhi ekhombisa isigaba senhlangano. Ibonisa isigaba sabaphathi kanye namazinga okuphatha.
- I-Span of Control - Inani labangaphansi ngokuqondile umphathi angakwazi ukwengamela ngempumelelo. I-span ebanzi isho izingqimba ezimbalwa zokuphatha.
- I-Centralization vs Decentralization - Ibhekisela lapho igunya lokuthatha izinqumo lingaphakathi kwenhlangano. Izakhiwo ezibekwe endaweni eyodwa zinamandla agxile phezulu, kuyilapho izinhlaka ezihlukaniselwe izindawo zisabalalisa igunya.
- Ukwenza kube semthethweni - Izinga okubhalwa ngalo imithetho, izinqubo, imiyalelo, nokuxhumana. Ukwenza kube semthethweni okuphezulu kusho imithetho namazinga amaningi.
Isakhiwo senhlangano sinquma ukuthi zonke lezi zinto zihlanganiswa kanjani ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle futhi kuzuzwe izinjongo zenkampani. Izinhlobo ezifanele zesakhiwo senhlangano zincike ezintweni ezifana nosayizi, isu, imboni, kanye isitayela sobuholi.
Izinhlobo Zezakhiwo Zenhlangano
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezakhiwo zenhlangano?
Ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo eziyi-7 zezinhlaka zenhlangano emhlabeni webhizinisi. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlaka ezahlukene zenhlangano, ezinye izinhlaka zigxila emandleni phezulu, kanti ezinye ziwasabalalisa kuwo wonke amazinga. Ukusetha okuthile kubeka phambili ukuguquguquka, kuyilapho okunye kuthuthukisa ukulawula. Ake sihlole ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zesakhiwo senhlangano ebhizinisini:
#1. Isakhiwo senhlangano esekwe eqenjini
A Uhlaka lwenhlangano olusekelwe eqenjini ingenye lapho umsebenzi uhlelwa khona ngokuyinhloko emaqenjini esikhundleni somsebenzi ngamunye noma iminyango yendabuko.
Kubunjwa amathimba ahlanganisa abasebenzi abavela ezindaweni ezahlukene zokusebenza noma iminyango ukuze basebenze kuphrojekthi ethile noma umgomo othile. Bagxila ezinhlosweni nasempumelelweni okwabelwana ngayo kunomgomo ngamunye. Impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kuwumzamo wokubambisana. Lokhu kuyabhidlika ama-silos.
Bayazilawula, okusho ukuthi banezinga eliphezulu lokuzimela futhi banikwe amandla okuphatha izinqubo zabo zomsebenzi ngokugada okuncane okuvela kubaphathi. Amaqembu anezibopho ezifana nokushejula, imisebenzi ezokwenziwa, isabelomali, izinqubo, nezisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokudinga izimvume ezivela kwabaphezulu.
Kukhona ukulandelana okume mpo okuncane kanye nokuxhumanisa okuvundlile nokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu. Izinhlaka zenhlangano ezisekelwe eqenjini zinamathuba amaningi okuthi amalungu axhumane futhi ahlanganyele ukuze akwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo okusebenza njengeqembu.
Ubulungu beqembu bungashintsha njengoba amaphrojekthi nezinto ezibalulekile kushintsha. Abasebenzi bangaba yingxenye yamaqembu amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
#2. Isakhiwo senethiwekhi
A isakhiwo senethiwekhi ekwakhiweni kwenhlangano isho imodeli esekelwe emaqenjini avumelana nezimo, asekelwe kumaphrojekthi kuneminyango engashintshi noma izindima zomsebenzi.
Amaqembu akhiwa ngokwesisekelo sephrojekthi nephrojekthi ehlanganisa amakhono ahlukene kanye nezindima njengoba kudingeka. Amaqembu ahlakazeka ngemva kokuphela kwamaphrojekthi.
Abekho abaphathi abaqinile, kunalokho abaholi beqembu abaningi babelana ngezibopho. Igunya lisakazwa ngokusekelwe ezindimeni nasezindaweni zobungcweti.
Ulwazi lugeleza eceleni emaqenjini axhumene esikhundleni sokulandelana kwaphezulu kuya phansi.
Izindima zomsebenzi ziyashintshashintsha futhi zichazwa ngokusekelwe emakhonweni/eminikelo yolwazi kuneziqu zemisebenzi ezingashintshi.
Idizayini yenhlangano ingashintsha kalula ngokuya ngamasu namaphrojekthi avelayo ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa izindima eziqinile. Iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye iyahlolwa ngokusekelwe empumelelweni yokuhlanganyela esikhundleni samamethrikhi okusebenza angawodwana.
#3. Isakhiwo se-hierarchical
Ukuba ngesinye sezinhlaka zenhlangano eziyisisekelo, a uhlaka lwenhlangano yezinga eliphezulu kuyisakhiwo esivamile esisuka phezulu phansi lapho igunya ligeleza lisuka kubaphathi bezinga eliphezulu lehle liye emazingeni ahlukahlukene okuphatha okuphakathi nendawo kuya kwabasebenzi abaphambili.
Ngokuvamile kunamazinga amaningi abaphathi kanye nabaphathi abancane phakathi kobuholi obuphezulu kanye abasebenzi abaphambili.
Izinqumo zamasu zenziwa emazingeni aphezulu ngokuzimela okuncane okuphansi kuya phansi.
Umsebenzi uhlukaniswe waba yimisebenzi ekhethekile yokusebenza kanye neminyango enokuguquguquka okulinganiselwe kodwa ubonisa indlela ecacile yokukhushulwa esitebhisini.
Ukuxhumana kugeleza kakhulu ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi ngezingqimba zokuphatha.
Lesi sakhiwo sisebenza kahle emisebenzini ezinzile, yemishini ezindaweni eziqagelayo ezingadingi ukuguquguquka.
#4. Isakhiwo senhlangano ye-matrix
Ukusethwa kwe-matrix kufana nokuba nabaphathi ababili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Esikhundleni sokuvele ubike kumphathi oyedwa emnyangweni wakho, abantu babika kokubili kumholi wabo osebenzayo kanye nomphathi wephrojekthi.
Inkampani idonsa abantu abavela emaqenjini ahlukene ndawonye kumaphrojekthi athile. Ngakho-ke ungaba nonjiniyela, abakhangisi, nabathengisi bonke abasebenza eqenjini elifanayo lephrojekthi kancane.
Ngenkathi besebenza njengeqembu lephrojekthi, labo bantu basenomthwalo wemfanelo emnyangweni wabo ojwayelekile, ngakho-ke umakethi uphendula ku-VP yezokukhangisa kodwa futhi nomqondisi wephrojekthi.
Lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ezithile njengoba ungase udideke ngemisebenzi futhi ufakazele ukungqubuzana phakathi komphathi womnyango nomphathi wephrojekthi.
Ivumela izinkampani ukuthi zihlanganise bonke ochwepheshe abadingekayo kumaphrojekthi. Futhi abantu bathola ulwazi kukho kokubili umsebenzi wabo okhethekile namaphrojekthi abanzi.
#5. Isakhiwo senhlangano esivundlile/esicaba
A ovundlile noma isakhiwo senhlangano esiyisicaba ingelinye lapho kungekho khona amazinga amaningi okuphatha phakathi kwabaphathi abaphezulu nabasebenzi abaphambili. Isabalalisa izinto ngokusemaceleni esikhundleni sokuba nesigaba esikhulu esinde.
Esakhiweni esiyisicaba, ulwazi luvame ukugeleza ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kokwehla nokwenyuka ngochungechunge olude lomyalo. Ukuxhumana kugcwele kakhulu phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene futhi.
Ukuthathwa kwezinqumo akubekwe endaweni eyodwa phezulu. Ithimba lobuholi lizama ukunika amandla abahlanganyeli ngabanye futhi libanike ubunikazi phezu komsebenzi wabo.
Izisebenzi zingase zizilawulele ngokwazo futhi zibe nomsebenzi omningi kunemisebenzi eyisipesheli emincane kakhulu.
Ngezendlalelo zokuphatha ezimbalwa, izindleko eziphezulu ziyancipha. Futhi isikhathi sokuphendula ngokuvamile siyathuthuka njengoba izicelo zingadingi ukugunyazwa kwezitembu eziningi phezulu naphansi ngochungechunge olukhulu. Lokhu kulungele abasafufusa abasaqala kanye nezinkampani ezincane, lapho izinqumo zidinga ukwenziwa ngokushesha.
#6. Isakhiwo senhlangano esisebenzayo
Phakathi ku isakhiwo senhlangano esisebenzayo, umsebenzi enkampanini uqoqwa ngokusekelwe kochwepheshe noma okukhethekile. Ngamanye amazwi, ihlelwe ngokwemisebenzi yebhizinisi.
Eminye iminyango evamile yokusebenza ihlanganisa:
- Ukuthengisa - kusingatha ukukhangisa, ukufaka uphawu, imikhankaso, njll.
- Imisebenzi - yengamela ukukhiqizwa, uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, ukugcwaliseka, njll.
- Ezezimali - inakekela ukubalwa kwezimali, isabelomali, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali.
- I-HR - iqasha futhi iphathe abantu.
- I-IT - igcina ingqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe nezinhlelo.
Kulokhu kusetha, abantu abasebenza ngendlela efanayo - yithi ukumaketha - bonke bahlanganiswe ndawonye emnyangweni ofanayo. Umphathi wabo angaba yi-VP noma umqondisi walowo msebenzi othize.
Amaqembu agxila ngaphakathi ekwandiseni amakhono awo, kuyilapho ukuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi kudinga owakho umzamo. Njengokumaketha kudala imikhankaso, izincwajana zokuphrinta zokusebenza, nokunye.
Kuyasiza ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obujulile lapho abasebenzi bezungezwe abanye emkhakheni wabo. Futhi inikeza izindlela ezicacile zomsebenzi ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi.
Kodwa-ke, kungaba nzima kakhulu ukubambisana njengoba abantu behlukaniswa ngama-silo. Futhi amakhasimende abona inkampani ngamalensi asebenzayo kunalawo aphelele.
#7. Isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa
Incazelo yesakhiwo senhlangano ibonakala ilula kakhulu ukuyiqonda. Ngokuhlelwa kwezigaba, inkampani iyazihlukanisa ibe izingxenye ezihlukene ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zemikhiqizo ezenzayo noma indawo esebenza kuyo. Isebenza kahle ezinkampanini ezihlukene ezisebenza ezimbonini noma ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Isigaba ngasinye sisebenza ngokuzimela, cishe njengenkampani yaso encane. Inabo bonke abantu bayo nezinsiza zokusingatha izinto ezifana nokuthengisa, ukuthengisa, ukukhiqiza - noma yini eyidingayo kuleso siqephu esisodwa sebhizinisi.
Abaholi balezi zigaba ngazinye babe sebebika ku-CEO omkhulu. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, izigaba zibiza okuningi kwezithombe zazo futhi zihlose ukuvula inzuzo ngokwazo.
Lesi sakhiwo sivumela isigaba ngasinye ukuthi sigxile ngempela futhi sizivumelanise nemakethe ethile noma amakhasimende esisebenzisana nawo. Kunokuba kube indlela yokulinganisa eyodwa yenkampani yonke.
Okubi ukuxhumanisa konke kuthatha umsebenzi. Izigaba zingase ziqale ukwenza izinto zazo ngaphandle kokubambisana. Kepha uma iphethwe kahle, inika amandla amabhizinisi asebenza ezimbonini noma ezindaweni eziningi.
Izitoreji Eziyinhloko
Izinkampani eziningi zifaka izakhi zezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezinhloso zazo, usayizi, kanye namandla embonini. Inhlanganisela efanele incike kumasu enkampani nendawo yokusebenza, kodwa lezi zinhlobo eziyi-7 ezihlukene zezinhlaka zenhlangano zifaka phakathi izinhlaka eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa ezinhlanganweni zonkana emhlabeni jikelele.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezi-4 zezinhlangano?
Izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezakhiwo zenhlangano yi-Functional Structure, Divisional Structure, Matrix Structure, kanye neNethiwekhi Structure.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezi-5 zezinhlangano?
Kunezinhlobo ezi-5 zezinhlangano i-Functional Structure, Projectized Structure, Network Structure, Matrix Structure, kanye neDivisional Structure.
